Table 1. Comparisons of socio-demographic characteristics of PLHIV with lower and higher levels of mental disorders.

Socio-demographic characteristics		Total score of GHQ-12
		≤ 3	≥ 4
	Total	n (%)	n (%)	OR (95% CI)
Gender
Male	329 (32.8)	242 (38.8)	85 (22.5)	Ref
Female	674 (67.2)	381 (61.2)	292 (77.5)	2.2 (1.6–2.9)
Age group
≤ 43 years	510 (50.7)	320 (51.3)	190 (50.3)	Ref
> 43 years	495 (49.3)	304 (48.7)	188 (49.7)	1.1 (0.8–1.3)
Formal education completed
≥ 5 years	567 (56.4)	293 (47.0)	144 (38.1)	Ref
< 5 years	438 (43.6)	331 (53.0)	234 (61.9)	1.4 (1.1–1.9)
Marital status
Married	630 (62.8)	405 (65.1)	223 (59.0)	Ref
Unmarried	373 (37.2)	217 (34.9)	155 (41.0)	1.4 (1.1–1.7)
Current employment status
Employed	880 (87.6)	563 (90.2)	314 (83.3)	Ref
Unemployed	124 (12.4)	61 (9.8)	63 (16.7)	1.9 (1.3–2.7)
Average monthly income
> US$75	565 (56.8)	277 (44.8)	152 (40.6)	Ref
≤ US$75	430 (43.2)	341 (55.2)	222 (59.4)	1.5 (1.1–1.5)
Duration of living with HIV
≤ 8 years	520 (51.7)	328 (52.6)	891 (50.5)	Ref
> 8 years	485 (48.3)	296 (47.4)	187 (49.5)	1.1 (0.8–1.4)
Spouse/partner’s HIV status (for married PLHIV)
Negative	197 (22.9)	141 (25.9)	56 (15.9)	Ref
Positive	663 (77.1)	404 (74.1)	256 (82.1)	1.6 (1.1–2.3)
Spouse/partner knows your HIV status
No	77 (8.8)	54 (9.9)	22 (6.9)	Ref
Yes	794 (91.2)	494 (90.1)	298 (93.1)	1.5 (1.1–2.5)
Currently on ART treatment
No	36 (3.6)	26 (4.2)	10 (2.7)	Ref
Yes	958 (96.4)	589 (95.8)	366 (97.3)	1.6 (0.8–3.4)
CD4 count at the most recent blood test
> 500	512 (51.8)	304 (49.4)	170 (45.9)	Ref
≤ 500	477 (48.2)	312 (50.6)	200 (54.1)	1.1 (0.9–1.5)
Received social support in the past 12 months
Yes	956 (95.2)	599 (96.1)	354 (93.7)	Ref
No	48 (4.8)	24 (3.9)	24 (6.3)	1.7 (1.1–3.0)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; GHQ, general health questionnaire; OR, odds ratio; PLHIV, people living with HIV.

^* Chi-square test was used for the comparisons.