Table 5. Results of bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of the association between stigma and discrimination with levels of mental disorders among PLHIV.

Stigma and discrimination scales	Total score of GHQ-12
	≤ 3	≥ 4
	n (%)	n (%)	OR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI) †
Total score of stigma and discrimination experience
≤ 2	468 (75.2)	210 (56.1)	Ref	Ref
≥ 3	154 (24.8)	164 (43.9)	2.4 (1.8–3.1)***	1.9 (1.4–2.6)***
Total score of internal stigma
≤ 4	434 (70.1)	196 (52.1)	Ref	Ref
≥ 5	185 (29.9)	180 (47.9)	2.2 (1.7–2.8) ***	1.7 (1.2–2.3) **
Total score of fear of stigma and discrimination
≤ 1	492 (79.1)	237 (63.4)	Ref	Ref
≥ 2	130 (20.9)	137 (36.6)	2.2 (1.6–2.9) ***	1.5 (1.1–2.2)*

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; GHQ, general health questionnaire; OR, odds ratio; PLHIV, people living with HIV.

^† Socio-demographic variables that were associated with GHQ-12 in bivariate analyses at a level of p≤ 0.10 (gender, education level, marital status, employment status, income, and spouse’s HIV sero-status) were included in the multivariate logistic regression models.

^* p< 0.05;

^** p< 0.01;

^*** p< 0.001.