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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2015 Mar;21(2):133–141. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000145

Table 2.

Summary of the Effects of Chronic Bronchitis on Outcomes.

Outcome Study Subjects Important Findings

Lung Function Sherman et al. 1992.(57) 3,948 Adjusted FEV1 decline: 4.5 mL per year ± 2 (SE) in males *; 1.7 mL per year ± 1.5 (SE) in females

Vestbo et al. 1996.(3) 9,435 Adjusted FEV1 decline: 22.8 ml/year (95% CI 8.2 to 37.4) in males*; 12.6 ml/year (95% CI 0.7 to 24.6) in females

Lindberg et al. 2006.(58) 963 FEV1/FVC<0.7 and FEV1<80% predicted, OR: 2.56 (95% CI 1.32 to 4.95)*

de Marco et al. 2007.(59) 5,002 FEV1/FVC<0.7, IRR: 1.85 (95% CI 1.17 to 2.93)*

Guerra et al. 2008.(5) 1,412 FEV1/FVC<0.7, HR: 2.2 (95% CI 1.3 to 3.8) in <50 years*; 0.9 (95% CI 0.6 to 1.4) in ≥50 years

Health Related Quality of Life Agusti et al. 2010.(26) 2,164 CB+ vs CB-:
  • GOLD II: SGRQ total 50.3±18 vs 38.9±20.5*; mMRC 1.5±1 vs 1.3±1*

  • GOLD III: SGRQ total 58.8±17.6 vs 51.2±18.2*; mMRC 1.8±1 vs 1.8±1.1

  • GOLD IV: SGRQ total 65±16.5 vs 59.4±15.2*; mMRC 2.4±1 vs 2.3±1


de Oca et al. 2012.(27) 759 CB+ vs CB-:
  • Short Form-12 physical score 44.6±1.01 vs 49.5±0.36*

  • Limitation due to physical health 39(40.6) vs 148(22.4)*


Kim et al. 2014.(28) 2,703 CB+ vs CB-:
  • SGRQ total 48.0±21.3 vs 30.6±21.8*

  • mMRC 2.3±1.4 vs 1.6±1.5*


COPD Exacerbations and Hospitalizations Vestbo et al. 1996.(3) 9,435 COPD-related hospitalization, RR: 2.4 (95% CI 1.3 to 4.5) in males*; 2.6 (95% CI 1.2 to 5.3) in females*

Burgel et al. 2009.(25) 433 All exacerbations: OR 4.15 (95% CI 2.43 to 7.08)*
Moderate exacerbations: OR 4.65 (95% CI 2.54 to 8.48)*
Severe exacerbations: OR 4.08 (95% CI 1.18 to 14.09)*

Agusti et al. 2010.(26) 2,164 CB+ vs CB-, exacerbations in past year:
  • GOLD II: 0.7±1.1 vs 0.6±1

  • GOLD III: 1±1.2 vs 1±1.4

  • GOLD IV: 1.2±1.6 vs 1.2±1.3


de Oca et al. 2012.(27) 759 CB+ vs CB-, exacerbations in past year:
  • 5.3±3.83 vs 2.1±0.95


Corhay et al. 2013.(60) 974 CB+ vs CB-, exacerbations per patient per year:
  • 2.08±2.78 vs. 1.05±1.71*


Kim et al. 2014.(28) 2,703 CB+ vs CB-, exacerbations in past year:
  • Total, number/patient: 0.96±1.46 vs 0.52±1.04*

  • Severe, %: 24.2 vs 15.2*


Mortality Annesi et al. 1986.(61) 1,061 All-cause, RR: 1.35±0.111*

Speizer et al. 1989.(30) 8,427 COPD-related, OR: 3.75 (95% CI 1.28 to 11) in males*; 11.04 (95% CI 2.52 to 48.5) in females*
All-cause, OR: 1.37 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.72) in males*; 0.98 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.41) in females

Tockman et al. 1989.(62) 884 All cause, RR: 1.65 (95% CI 0.95 to 2.89)

Lange el al. 1990.(29) 13,756 All-causes, RR: 1.3 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.4) in males* and 1.1 (95% CI 0.9 to 1.3) in females

Prescott et al. 1995.(63) 14,223 COPD-related with pulmonary infection, RR: 3.5 (95% CI 1.8 to 7.1)*
COPD-related without pulmonary infection, RR: 0.9 (95% CI 0.5 to 1.8)

Mannino et al. 2003.(64) 5,542 All-cause, RR: 1.2 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.4)

Pelkonen et al. 2006.(4) 1,711 Respiratory-related, HR: 2.54 (95% CI 1 to 6.46)*
All-cause, HR: 1.64 (95% CI 1.23 to 2.19)*

Guerra et al. 2009.(5) 1,412 All-cause mortality, HR: 2.2 (95% CI 1.3 to 3.8) in <50 years*; 1 (95% CI 0.7 to 1.3) in ≥50 years
*

Statistically significant. Data are presented as mean±SD or number (percentage) except as indicated. Incident rate ratio, odds ratio, relative risk, and hazard ratio are all from multivariate analysis with adjustments for covariates.

FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in one second, FVC = forced vital capacity, SE = standard error, CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio, RR = relative risk, OR = odds ratio, CB+ = group with chronic bronchitis, CB - = group without chronic bronchitis, SGRQ = St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire, and mMRC = modified Medical Research Council. Updated and modified from Ramos F, Krahnke J, Kim V. Clinical Issues of Mucus Accumulation in COPD. IJCOPD 2014:9 139–150.(65) With permission.