. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2015 Mar;21(2):133–141. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000145

Table 2.

Summary of the Effects of Chronic Bronchitis on Outcomes.

Outcome	Study	Subjects	Important Findings

Lung Function	Sherman et al. 1992.⁽⁵⁷⁾	3,948	Adjusted FEV1 decline: 4.5 mL per year ± 2 (SE) in males ^*; 1.7 mL per year ± 1.5 (SE) in females

	Vestbo et al. 1996.⁽³⁾	9,435	Adjusted FEV1 decline: 22.8 ml/year (95% CI 8.2 to 37.4) in males^*; 12.6 ml/year (95% CI 0.7 to 24.6) in females

	Lindberg et al. 2006.⁽⁵⁸⁾	963	FEV1/FVC<0.7 and FEV1<80% predicted, OR: 2.56 (95% CI 1.32 to 4.95)^*

	de Marco et al. 2007.⁽⁵⁹⁾	5,002	FEV1/FVC<0.7, IRR: 1.85 (95% CI 1.17 to 2.93)^*

	Guerra et al. 2008.⁽⁵⁾	1,412	FEV1/FVC<0.7, HR: 2.2 (95% CI 1.3 to 3.8) in <50 years^*; 0.9 (95% CI 0.6 to 1.4) in ≥50 years

Health Related Quality of Life	Agusti et al. 2010.⁽²⁶⁾	2,164	CB+ vs CB-: GOLD II: SGRQ total 50.3±18 vs 38.9±20.5^; mMRC 1.5±1 vs 1.3±1^ GOLD III: SGRQ total 58.8±17.6 vs 51.2±18.2^; mMRC 1.8±1 vs 1.8±1.1 GOLD IV: SGRQ total 65±16.5 vs 59.4±15.2^; mMRC 2.4±1 vs 2.3±1

	de Oca et al. 2012.⁽²⁷⁾	759	CB+ vs CB-: Short Form-12 physical score 44.6±1.01 vs 49.5±0.36^* Limitation due to physical health 39(40.6) vs 148(22.4)^*

	Kim et al. 2014.⁽²⁸⁾	2,703	CB+ vs CB-: SGRQ total 48.0±21.3 vs 30.6±21.8^* mMRC 2.3±1.4 vs 1.6±1.5^*

COPD Exacerbations and Hospitalizations	Vestbo et al. 1996.⁽³⁾	9,435	COPD-related hospitalization, RR: 2.4 (95% CI 1.3 to 4.5) in males^; 2.6 (95% CI 1.2 to 5.3) in females^

	Burgel et al. 2009.⁽²⁵⁾	433	All exacerbations: OR 4.15 (95% CI 2.43 to 7.08)^*
			Moderate exacerbations: OR 4.65 (95% CI 2.54 to 8.48)^*
			Severe exacerbations: OR 4.08 (95% CI 1.18 to 14.09)^*

	Agusti et al. 2010.⁽²⁶⁾	2,164	CB+ vs CB-, exacerbations in past year: GOLD II: 0.7±1.1 vs 0.6±1 GOLD III: 1±1.2 vs 1±1.4 GOLD IV: 1.2±1.6 vs 1.2±1.3

	de Oca et al. 2012.⁽²⁷⁾	759	CB+ vs CB-, exacerbations in past year: 5.3±3.83 vs 2.1±0.95

	Corhay et al. 2013.⁽⁶⁰⁾	974	CB+ vs CB-, exacerbations per patient per year: 2.08±2.78 vs. 1.05±1.71^*

	Kim et al. 2014.⁽²⁸⁾	2,703	CB+ vs CB-, exacerbations in past year: Total, number/patient: 0.96±1.46 vs 0.52±1.04^* Severe, %: 24.2 vs 15.2^*

Mortality	Annesi et al. 1986.⁽⁶¹⁾	1,061	All-cause, RR: 1.35±0.111^*

	Speizer et al. 1989.⁽³⁰⁾	8,427	COPD-related, OR: 3.75 (95% CI 1.28 to 11) in males^; 11.04 (95% CI 2.52 to 48.5) in females^
	Speizer et al. 1989.⁽³⁰⁾	8,427	All-cause, OR: 1.37 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.72) in males^*; 0.98 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.41) in females

	Tockman et al. 1989.⁽⁶²⁾	884	All cause, RR: 1.65 (95% CI 0.95 to 2.89)

	Lange el al. 1990.⁽²⁹⁾	13,756	All-causes, RR: 1.3 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.4) in males^* and 1.1 (95% CI 0.9 to 1.3) in females

	Prescott et al. 1995.⁽⁶³⁾	14,223	COPD-related with pulmonary infection, RR: 3.5 (95% CI 1.8 to 7.1)^*
	Prescott et al. 1995.⁽⁶³⁾	14,223	COPD-related without pulmonary infection, RR: 0.9 (95% CI 0.5 to 1.8)

	Mannino et al. 2003.⁽⁶⁴⁾	5,542	All-cause, RR: 1.2 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.4)

	Pelkonen et al. 2006.⁽⁴⁾	1,711	Respiratory-related, HR: 2.54 (95% CI 1 to 6.46)^*
	Pelkonen et al. 2006.⁽⁴⁾	1,711	All-cause, HR: 1.64 (95% CI 1.23 to 2.19)^*

	Guerra et al. 2009.⁽⁵⁾	1,412	All-cause mortality, HR: 2.2 (95% CI 1.3 to 3.8) in <50 years^*; 1 (95% CI 0.7 to 1.3) in ≥50 years

Statistically significant. Data are presented as mean±SD or number (percentage) except as indicated. Incident rate ratio, odds ratio, relative risk, and hazard ratio are all from multivariate analysis with adjustments for covariates.

FEV₁ = forced expiratory volume in one second, FVC = forced vital capacity, SE = standard error, CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio, RR = relative risk, OR = odds ratio, CB+ = group with chronic bronchitis, CB - = group without chronic bronchitis, SGRQ = St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire, and mMRC = modified Medical Research Council. Updated and modified from Ramos F, Krahnke J, Kim V. Clinical Issues of Mucus Accumulation in COPD. IJCOPD 2014:9 139–150.(65) With permission.