Table 2. Recorded characteristics in all 233 and 112 black and 121 white patients with RA.
| Demographic characteristics | All patients | Black | White | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57.1 (10.8) | 55.7 (10.1) | 58.3 (11.4) | 0.06 |
| Female sex | 82.8 | 88.4 | 77.7 | 0.03 |
| Anthropometry | ||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.4 (6.0) | 29.3 (6.6) | 25.6 (6.6) | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index ≥25 (kg/m2) | 58.8 | 69.6 | 48.8 | 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91 (13) | 93 (13) | 89 (13) | 0.01 |
| Waist/hip | 0.86 (0.80–0.92) | 0.85 (0.80–0.90) | 0.87 (0.80–0.93) | 0.2 |
| Cardiovascular agents | ||||
| Antihypertensives | 46.8 | 52.7 | 41.3 | 0.08 |
| Statins | 28.3 | 19.6 | 36.4 | 0.005 |
| Ezetimibe | 0.9 | 0 | 1.7 | … |
| Oral glucose lowering agents | 7.7 | 12.5 | 3.3 | 0.01 |
| Insulin | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 0.9 |
| RA characteristics | ||||
| Disease duration (years) | 13.6 (9.3) | 12.9 (9.2) | 14.3 (9.4) | 0.3 |
| Rheumatoid factor positive | 76.7 | 78.5 | 75.0 | 0.5 |
| Clinical Disease Activity Index | 7.2 (2.0–13.7) | 10.3 (4.0–15.5) | 5.1 (0.7–11.7) | 0.0001 |
| Disease Activity Score in 28 joints | 3.9 (1.5) | 4.1 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.6) | 0.01 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/hr) | 12 (5–27) | 21 (9–31) | 7 (3–14) | <0.0001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 5.1 (2.1–12.5) | 7.0 (4.0–13.8) | 3.8 (1.5–10.6) | 0.002 |
| Deformed joints (number) | 6 (0–15) | 8 (3–14) | 4 (0–17) | 0.03 |
| Extraarticular manifestation(s) | 7.7 | 2.7 | 12.4 | 0.01 |
| Synthetic modifying agents | ||||
| Methotrexate | 83.7 | 90.2 | 77.7 | 0.01 |
| Chloroquine | 66.1 | 79.5 | 53.7 | <0.0001 |
| Leflunomide | 30.9 | 22.3 | 38.8 | 0.007 |
| Sulphasalazine | 18.5 | 24.1 | 13.2 | 0.03 |
| Azathioprine | 14.2 | 16.1 | 12.4 | 0.4 |
| Tetracycline | 12.0 | 10.7 | 13.2 | 0.6 |
| Cyclophosphamide | 3.0 | 5.4 | 0.8 | 0.08 |
| Penicillamine | 3.4 | 4.5 | 2.5 | 0.4 |
| Number | 2.4 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.0) | 2.2 (0.9) | 0.01 |
| Prednisone use | 2.6 | 1.8 | 3.3 | 0.5 |
| Tumor necrosis factor- blockade | 3.9 | 0 | 7.4 | … |
| NSAID | 17.6 | 7.1 | 27.3 | 0.0002 |
| Conventional CV risk factors | ||||
| Hypertension | 57.5 | 70.5 | 45.5 | 0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133 (21) | 139 (24) | 128 (16) | 0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82 (12) | 86 (14) | 79 (9) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mM) | 4.8 (1.0) | 4.7 (0.9) | 5.0 (1.1) | 0.02 |
| HDL cholesterol (mM) | 1.5 (1.3–1.9) | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) | 0.07 |
| LDL cholesterol (mM) | 2.7 (0.9) | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.8 (0.9) | 0.09 |
| Triglycerides (mM) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 0.6 |
| Cholesterol/HDL cholesterol | 3.2 (1.1) | 3.3 (1.1) | 3.2 (1.0) | 0.5 |
| Cholesterol/HDL cholesterol>4 | 19.7 | 23.9 | 16.0 | 0.1 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mM) | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.1 (0.9) | 3.3 (1.0) | 0.2 |
| Diabetes | 12.5 | 17.9 | 7.4 | 0.002 |
| Glucose (mM) | 4.7 (4.4–5.2) | 4.9 (4.5–5.4) | 4.7 (4.4–5.1) | 0.02 |
| Smoking, current | 6.9 | 3.6 | 10.0 | 0.07 |
| Framingham score | 2 (1–6) | 2 (1–5) | 3 (1–6) | 0.4 |
| Endothelial activation | ||||
| Early endothelial activation | ||||
| E-selectin (ng/ml) | 38.6 (18.4) | 41.6 (19.8) | 35.7 (16.5) | 0.02 |
| VCAM-1 (ng/ml) | 834 (664–1,048) | 835 (696–1,043) | 828 (635–1,033) | 0.5 |
| ICAM-1 (ng/ml) | 277 (214–353) | 247 (173–317) | 305 (251–385) | <0.0001 |
| MCP-1 (pg/ml) | 427 (265–683) | 351 (223–679) | 476 (334–684) | 0.009 |
| Angiopoietin 2 (pg/ml) | 2,502 (2,044–3,307) | 2,681 (2,232–3,566) | 2,366 (1,924–3,130) | 0.002 |
| Carotid atherosclerosis | ||||
| Intima-media thickness (mm) | 0.709 (0.111) | 0.703 (0.090)) | 0.715 (0.130) | 0.4 |
| Plaque | 40.3 | 36.7 | 43.8 | 0.2 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | ||||
| Non IDMS traceable | 0.82 (0.72–0.96) | 0.87 (0.75–0.89) | 0.79 (0.67–0.92) | 0.006 |
| IDMS traceable | 0.71 (0.61–0.84) | 0.76 (0.64–0.86) | 0.68 (0.57–0.80) | 0.006 |
| EGFR equations | ||||
| Jelliffe (ml/min) | 79 (22) | 76 (19) | 82 (24) | 0.003 |
| C-G ACBW (ml/min) | 91 (28) | 90 (27) | 92 (30) | 0.2 |
| C-G IBW (ml/min) | 71 (23) | 65 (20) | 77 (24) | <0.0001 |
| C-G ADBW (ml/min) | 79 (23) | 75 (20) | 83 (25) | 0.0002 |
| C-G LBW (ml/min) | 57 (17) | 54 (14) | 59 (20) | 0.001 |
| C-G NBW (ml/min) | 91 (25) | 87 (22) | 94 (28) | 0.0003 |
| Salazar-Corcoran (ml/min) | 89 (25) | 85 (22) | 93 (28) | 0.0003 |
| MDRD (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 84 (24) | 78 (20) | 89 (27) | 0.0003 |
| CKD-EPI (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 93 (17) | 90 (17) | 95 (17) | 0.0005 |
Results are expressed as mean (SD), median (interquartile range) or proportion as appropriate.
Significant relations are shown in bold.
RA = rheumatoid arthritis, NSAID = non steroidal antiinflammatory agents, VCAM-1 = vascular adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1 = intercellular adhesion molecule-1, MCP-1 = monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IDMS = isotope dilution mass spectrometry, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, C-G = Cockcroft-Gault, AWB = actual body weight, IBW = ideal body weight, ADBW = adjusted body weight, LBW = lean body weight, NBW = no body weight, MDRD = Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, CKD-EPI = Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration.