Table 1.
Participant characteristics, and incidence of probable PTSD, probable depression, and high general psychological distress
| Total (N = 1294) | Local municipality workers (n = 610) | Hospital medical workers (n = 357) | Firefighters (n = 327) | P | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | (95 % CI) | n | % | (95 % CI) | n | % | (95 % CI) | n | % | (95 % CI) | ||
| Age | |||||||||||||
| 20–39 | 517 | 208 | 122 | 187 | |||||||||
| 40–59 | 769 | 42.8 | (10.6)a | 398 | 44.9 | (9.7)a | 235 | 43.4 | (9.6)a | 136 | 38.7 | (11.9)a | <0.001 |
| 60+ | 8 | 4 | 0 | 4 | |||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||
| Male | 720 | 56.2 | (53.5-59.0) | 353 | 57.9 | (53.9-61.8) | 40 | 11.2 | (7.9-14.5) | 327 | 100.0 | <0.001 | |
| Female | 574 | 44.4 | (41.7-47.1) | 257 | 42.1 | (38.2-46.1) | 317 | 88.8 | (85.5-92.1) | 0 | 0.0 | ||
| Workplace factors | |||||||||||||
| Supervisory work status | 142 | 11.0 | (9.3-12.8) | 87 | 14.3 | (11.5-17.0) | 28 | 7.8 | (5.0-10.6) | 27 | 8.3 | (5.3-11.3) | <0.01 |
| Mainly disaster-related work | 312 | 24.5 | (22.1-26.8) | 196 | 32.5 | (28.7-36.2) | 16 | 4.6 | (2.4-6.8) | 100 | 30.7 | (25.7-35.8) | <0.001 |
| Lack of communication | 252 | 17.2 | (15.1-19.2) | 136 | 20.4 | (17.3-23.5) | 72 | 18.9 | (14.9-22.8) | 44 | 7.5 | (4.6-10.3) | <0.001 |
| Lack of rest | 516 | 39.0 | (36.3-41.7) | 272 | 40.8 | (37.1-44.6) | 181 | 47.6 | (42.6-52.7) | 63 | 19.3 | (14.9-23.6) | <0.001 |
| Dead or missing colleague(s) | 412 | 32.2 | (29.7-34.8) | 109 | 17.9 | (14.8-20.9) | 45 | 12.6 | (9.1-16.1) | 258 | 79.8 | (75.4-84.2) | <0.001 |
| Personal factors | |||||||||||||
| Displacement | 301 | 23.3 | (20.9-25.6) | 137 | 22.6 | (19.3-25.9) | 95 | 27.0 | (22.3-31.6) | 69 | 21.4 | (16.9-25.9) | 0.16 |
| Dead or missing family member(s) | 109 | 8.5 | (7.0-10.0) | 39 | 6.4 | (4.4-8.3) | 36 | 10.1 | (6.9-13.2) | 34 | 10.6 | (7.2-13.9) | <0.05 |
| Near-death experience | 696 | 54.4 | (51.7-57.2) | 295 | 48.7 | (44.7-52.7) | 230 | 65.7 | (60.7-70.7) | 171 | 52.5 | (47.0-58.0) | <0.001 |
| Probable PTSD b | |||||||||||||
| Diagnostic criteria | 74 | 6.2 | (4.8-7.5) | 43 | 7.7 | (5.5-9.9) | 24 | 7.2 | (4.4-10.0) | 7 | 2.3 | (0.6-3.9) | <0.01 |
| Cutoff score | 89 | 7.4 | (5.9-8.9) | 50 | 9.0 | (6.6-11.3) | 31 | 9.3 | (6.2-12.4) | 8 | 2.6 | (0.8-4.4) | <0.01 |
| Both of the above | 64 | 5.3 | (4.1-6.6) | 37 | 6.6 | (4.4-8.6) | 22 | 6.6 | (3.1-8.2) | 5 | 1.6 | (0.2-3.0) | <0.01 |
| Adjusted odds ratio | 4.0 | (1.6-10.4) | 3.8 | (1.4-10.2) | 1.0 | ||||||||
| Probable depression c | |||||||||||||
| Diagnostic criteria | 188 | 15.2 | (13.2-17.3) | 112 | 19.1 | (15.9-22.3) | 61 | 18.2 | (14.0-22.3) | 15 | 4.7 | (2.4-7.0) | <0.001 |
| Cutoff score | 235 | 19.3 | (17.0-21.5) | 143 | 24.4 | (20.9-27.9) | 74 | 22.0 | (17.6-26.5) | 18 | 5.6 | (3.1-8.2) | <0.001 |
| Both of the above | 153 | 12.4 | (10.5-14.3) | 93 | 15.9 | (13.2-19.4) | 48 | 14.3 | (10.3-18.1) | 12 | 3.8 | (1.7-5.9) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted odds ratio | 4.5 | (2.4-8.4) | 4.2 | (2.2-7.9) | 1.0 | ||||||||
| High general psychological distress d | |||||||||||||
| Cutoff score | 143 | 11.4 | (9.6-13.2) | 86 | 14.9 | (11.9-17.8) | 49 | 14.5 | (10.7-18.3) | 8 | 2.6 | (0.8-4.3) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted odds ratio | 6.2 | (2.9-12.9) | 5.9 | (2.8-12.6) | 1.0 | ||||||||
aMean (SD) values are presented.
bData were missing for 94 participants (7.4% of total; local municipality workers, n = 52; hospital medical workers, n = 24; firefighters; n = 18).
cData were missing for 53 participants (4.1% of total; local municipality workers, n = 24; hospital medical workers, n = 21; firefighters; n = 8).
dData were missing for 69 participants (5.3% of total; local municipality workers, n = 31; hospital medical workers, n = 19; firefighters; n = 19).