Table 3.
Associations of smoking with prevalent AFO and self-reported chronic bronchitis/emphysema among women
| Smoking habit (%) | AFO
|
Bronchitis/emphysema
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| %‡ | OR (95% CI)† | %‡ | OR (95% CI)† | ||
| Smoking category | |||||
| Never | 94.9 | 4.3 | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 2.2 | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) |
| Occasional | 1.8 | 4.4 | 1.11 (1.00–1.22) | 1.9 | 0.99 (0.84–1.15) |
| Exregular | 0.9 | 5.0 | 1.67 (1.50–1.86) | 4.0 | 2.31 (2.02–2.63) |
| Current regular | 2.4 | 6.5 | 1.46 (1.36–1.57) | 2.0 | 0.87 (0.77–0.99) |
| P heterogeneity | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| All regular | 3.3 | 6.4 | 1.53 (1.43–1.65) | 2.4 | 1.28 (1.15–1.42) |
| Amount smoked (g tobacco/day) in regular smokers | |||||
| Mean (SD), 9.6 (7.5) | |||||
| <5 | 27.4 | 6.3 | 1.38 (1.23–1.55) | 2.2 | 1.14 (0.96–1.36) |
| 5–14 | 48.9 | 5.6 | 1.64 (1.51–1.79) | 2.6 | 1.32 (1.16–1.50) |
| 15–24 | 20.5 | 7.1 | 1.48 (1.30–1.69) | 2.3 | 1.37 (1.13–1.67) |
| 25–34 | 2.0 | 9.2 | 1.58 (1.07–2.34) | 2.3 | 1.49 (0.84–2.63) |
| ≥35 | 1.2 | 9.8 | 1.79 (1.03–3.10) | 5.9 | 1.10 (0.44–2.70) |
| P trend | 0.269 | 0.1966 | |||
| Age started to smoke regularly (years) in regular smokers | |||||
| Mean (SD), 27.1 (11.9) | |||||
| ≥28 | 11.3 | 5.5 | 1.36 (1.23–1.52) | 1.4 | 1.00 (0.85–1.18) |
| 24–27 | 18.5 | 6.7 | 1.57 (1.33–1.86) | 2.5 | 1.27 (0.98–1.66) |
| 20–23 | 16.8 | 7.6 | 1.69 (1.47–1.93) | 3.8 | 1.56 (1.28–1.90) |
| 16–19 | 12.2 | 7.9 | 1.50 (1.32–1.70) | 3.1 | 1.52 (1.26–1.84) |
| <16 | 41.1 | 9.4 | 1.82 (1.56–2.11) | 1.9 | 1.45 (1.15–1.84) |
| P trend | 0.0063 | 0.0005 | |||
| Depth of inhalation in regular smokers | |||||
| Mouth/throat | 62.0 | 6.4 | 1.49 (1.39–1.61) | 2.2 | 1.14 (1.02–1.29) |
| Lung now | 12.6 | 7.0 | 1.68 (1.41–1.99) | 2.2 | 1.28 (0.99–1.66) |
| Lung always | 25.3 | 6.9 | 1.58 (1.39–1.78) | 3.4 | 1.65 (1.40–1.95) |
| P trend | 0.3214 | 0.0004 | |||
| Recent changes in amount smoked in current regular smokers§ | |||||
| No change | 62.5 | 6.3 | 1.37 (1.25–1.51) | 1.8 | 0.69 (0.58–0.83) |
| Increased a lot | 16.7 | 8.2 | 1.55 (1.30–1.86) | 3.4 | 1.04 (0.77–1.41) |
| Decreased a lot | 14.1 | 11.0 | 1.90 (1.61–2.24) | 2.9 | 1.26 (0.96–1.65) |
| P heterogeneity | 0.0056 | 0.0003 | |||
| Reason for stopping smoking in ex regular smokers | |||||
| Ill health | 54.6 | 6.5 | 2.03 (1.78–2.31) | 9.3 | 3.24 (2.78–3.78) |
| Other reason | 45.4 | 5.2 | 1.20 (0.99–1.45) | 2.0 | 1.22 (0.95–1.58) |
| P heterogeneity | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
Notes:
†
Adjusted for region, 5-year age group, age group × region interaction, education, and income, with the never-smoker category as the reference group. With the exception of the comparison of all regular versus never-smokers, CIs are floated, so that comparisons can be made between any pair of categories.
‡
Prevalences of disease are directly standardized to the age and area structure of the study female population.
§
The variable was missing in 6.8% of female current smokers (N=485 women).
Abbreviations: AFO, airflow obstruction; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; N, total number.