Table 5. Multivariable model of risk factors for all-cause and lung cancer mortality among study participants with CMS-identified COPD (N = 4,074).
| All-cause Mortality | Lung Cancer Mortality | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI |
| Race | ||||
| Black | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| White | 1.08 | (0.95–1.22) | 1.17 | (0.81–1.69) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Male | 1.47 | (1.29–1.67) | 1.26 | (0.87–1.82) |
| Income ($) | ||||
| <$15,000 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| $15,000–24,000 | 0.86 | (0.72–1.03) | 0.97 | (0.59–1.59) |
| ≥ $25,000 | 0.73 | (0.55–0.99) | 0.37 | (0.12–1.20) |
| Education (years) | ||||
| < 12 | 1.15 | (1.00–1.33) | 1.12 | (0.75–1.68) |
| 12 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| > 12 | 1.10 | (0.92–1.32) | 0.68 | (0.38–1.24) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Former | 1.37 | (1.12–1.67) | 4.67 | (1.66–13.17) |
| Current, < 10 cpd | 1.55 | (1.21–1.97) | 7.83 | (2.63–23.38) |
| Current, 10–19 cpd | 1.52 | (1.20–1.93) | 7.63 | (2.56–22.70) |
| Current, 20+ cpd | 1.58 | (1.27–1.97) | 11.42 | (3.99–32.66) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| < 20 | 1.28 | (1.02–1.62) | 1.22 | (0.65–2.31) |
| 20–24 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| 25–29 | 0.81 | (0.69–0.96) | 0.98 | (0.63–1.52) |
| 30–34 | 0.70 | (0.58–0.86) | 0.52 | (0.28–0.95) |
| 35+ | 0.77 | (0.64–0.93) | 0.54 | (0.30–0.99) |
| Comorbidity count | ||||
| 0 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| 1 | 1.26 | (1.06–1.49) | 1.56 | (0.98–2.47) |
| 2 | 1.59 | (1.33–1.90) | 1.57 | (0.93–2.66) |
| 3 or 4 | 1.46 | (1.16–1.85) | 1.99 | (1.04–3.82) |
| CESD-10 Score | 0.993 | (0.982–1.003) | 0.986 | (0.956–1.017) |
HR = Hazard Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval; cpd = cigarettes per day; In addition to the variables in the table, models are also adjusted for coverage time on Medicare or Medicaid.
Self-reported co-morbidities include diabetes, depression, asthma, and cardiovascular disease.