Table 3.
Characteristics associated with BMP use in lumbar and cervical fusion
| Lumbar fusion |
Cervical fusion |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No BMP | BMP | p-value | No BMP | BMP | p-value | |
| Age | ||||||
| Age (mean) | 56.2 | 55.1 | <0.001 | 52.8 | 53.9 | <0.001 |
| Age 20 to 65 (%) | 67.6 | 71.3 | <0.001 | 82.2 | 80.1 | <0.001 |
| Age 65 or older (%) | 32.4 | 28.7 | 17.8 | 19.9 | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male (%) | 43.5 | 43.4 | 0.415 | 47.6 | 48.0 | 0.349 |
| Female (%) | 56.5 | 56.6 | 52.4 | 52.0 | ||
| Race | ||||||
| White (%) | 83.3 | 84.9 | <0.001 | 82.6 | 83.4 | 0.015 |
| Black (%) | 6.8 | 6.1 | 8.6 | 8.4 | ||
| Asian (%) | 6.1 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 4.3 | ||
| Other or Multiple (%) | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.9 | ||
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| None(%) | 67.8 | 67.8 | 0.534 | 71.3 | 68.5 | <0.001 |
| One(%) | 24.7 | 24.6 | 22.6 | 24.2 | ||
| Two or more (%) | 7.6 | 7.7 | 6.1 | 7.3 | ||
| Income | ||||||
| One (low income) (%) | 20.8 | 20.2 | <0.001 | 21.1 | 21.4 | 0.002 |
| Two (%) | 26.2 | 26.2 | 25.3 | 24.6 | ||
| Three (%) | 26.8 | 28.1 | 26.5 | 27.8 | ||
| Four (high income) (%) | 26.2 | 25.6 | 27.1 | 26.2 | ||
| Insurance | ||||||
| Medicare (%) | 34.9 | 31.9 | <0.001 | 23.4 | 26.6 | <0.001 |
| Medicaid (%) | 4.7 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 4.4 | ||
| Commercial (%) | 47.2 | 50.6 | 58.9 | 57.5 | ||
| Other or uninsured (%) | 13.2 | 13.2 | 12.4 | 11.5 | ||
| Length of stay | ||||||
| One day (%) | 7.5 | 6.9 | <0.001 | 63.2 | 54.2 | <0.001 |
| Two days (%) | 17.3 | 17.8 | 20.7 | 22.6 | ||
| Three days (%) | 28.2 | 28.2 | 7.7 | 9.7 | ||
| Four days (%) | 21.3 | 20.6 | 3.3 | 5.0 | ||
| Five or more days (%) | 25.7 | 26.5 | 5.0 | 8.6 | ||
| Diagnosis | ||||||
| Axial (%) | 20.4 | 23.7 | <0.001 | 18.1 | 20.3 | <0.001 |
| Herniation (%) | 21.2 | 20.4 | 51.6 | 44.2 | ||
| Stenosis (%) | 12.6 | 8.9 | 25.7 | 27.4 | ||
| Listhesis (%) | 36.9 | 36.1 | 2.2 | 3.2 | ||
| Scoliosis (%) | 8.0 | 9.9 | 2.0 | 3.4 | ||
| Operative characteristics | ||||||
| Decompression with fusion (%) | 59.2 | 64.0 | <0.001 | 85.3 | 77.3 | <0.001 |
| Stabilizing instrumentation (%) | 49.3 | 71.2 | <0.001 | 40.2 | 66.4 | <0.001 |
| Three or more levels fused (%) | 9.5 | 12.8 | <0.001 | 13.3 | 22.5 | <0.001 |
| Previous spine surgery (%) | 6.4 | 7.5 | <0.001 | 1.7 | 4.9 | <0.001 |
| Operative approach | ||||||
| Posterior (%) | 84.7 | 74.4 | <0.001 | 7.2 | 13.3 | <0.001 |
| Anterior (%) | 7.2 | 12.4 | 89.0 | 80.8 | ||
| Combined (%) | 8.2 | 13.2 | 3.8 | 5.9 | ||
Note: Estimates based on weighted sample from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample