Figure 1.

Human wound and BMDMs exhibit decreased anti-inflammatory (M2-like) and increased proinflammatory (M1-like) characteristics in T2D. A: Flow cytometry analysis of human macrophages (CD68⁺) isolated from nonischemic, nondiabetic, and T2D chronic wound tissue. Cells were stained for CD163 and mannose receptor (CD206). Percentage of CD68⁺ cells expressing either CD206 (top right) or CD163 (bottom right) are shown (n = 6). B: RT-PCR quantification of IL-12 (M1 cytokine) expression in human BMDMs 6 h following stimulation with LPS/IFN-γ. BMDMs from T2D patients are compared with BMDMs from nondiabetic patients (n = 6). Data are expressed as mean ± SE. MFI, mean fluorescence intensity.