Table 1. Characteristics of study participants according to serum (EPA+DHA):AA tertile in the Sasayama study, 2012–2013.
| Tertile of (EPA+DHA):AA | |||
| T1 (0.338–0.925) |
T2 (0.928–1.301) |
T3 (1.302–3.188) |
|
| Number of participants | 184 | 181 | 184 |
| Sex, % males | 44.0 | 38.1 | 47.3 |
| Age, years | 53 (8) | 58 (6) | 59 (5) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.7 (2.9) | 23.0 (3.5) | 23.2 (3.4) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 121 (16) | 128 (19) | 130 (19) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 73 (11) | 76 (11) | 78 (11) |
| Hypertension, % | 20.7 | 39.2 | 39.7 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 95 | 98 | 99 |
| Diabetes, % | 7.6 | 7.7 | 9.8 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 210 (34) | 221 (35) | 220 (38) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 127 (31) | 134 (33) | 133 (34) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 63 (14) | 64 (15) | 63 (17) |
| Medication for dyslipidemia, % | 19.6 | 14.9 | 13.6 |
| Current smoking, % | 24.5 | 13.3 | 15.2 |
| Current drinking, % | 52.2 | 51.9 | 55.4 |
| Past or present history of CVD, % | 3.3 | 5.0 | 3.3 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Fish intake, g/week | 114 (5) | 256 (2) | 344 (2) |
| Serum N-3 PUFA,a µg/mL | 203.3 (48.3) | 278.9 (57.9) | 377.8 (80.3) |
| Serum Long chain n-3 PUFA,b µg/mL | 180.7 (45.0) | 252.0 (56.1) | 348.9 (78.8) |
| Serum EPA, µg/mL | 42.2 (15.7) | 68.0 (24.9) | 111.2 (42.0) |
| Serum DHA, µg/mL | 120.6 (28.8) | 162.1 (34.0) | 210.5 (42.5) |
| Serum α-linolenic acid, µg/mL | 22.6 (7.8) | 26.9 (10.6) | 29.0 (10.6) |
| Serum n-6 PUFA,c µg/mL | 1190.3 (190.0) | 1181.5 (203.5) | 1140.1 (199.6) |
| Serum AA, µg/mL | 224.9 (47.2) | 207.7 (45.0) | 197.2 (42.1) |
| Serum linoleic acid, µg/mL | 907.1 (163.1) | 918.2 (183.0) | 894.5 (178.3) |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.76 (0.21) | 0.74 (0.15) | 0.76 (0.17) |
| eGFRcre, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 74 (13) | 73 (12) | 73 (14) |
| Serum cystatin C, mg/L | 0.85 (0.18) | 0.83 (0.12) | 0.85 (0.13) |
| eGFRcys, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 91 (18) | 89 (15) | 88 (15) |
AA, arachidonic acid; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cerebral and cardiovascular disease; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid.
Values are means (standard deviations), except glucose and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, which are presented as medians.
Fish intake is presented as geometric mean (SD).
aSerum n-3 PUFA: sum of α-linolenic acid, EPA, DHA, and docosapentaenoic acid.
bSerum n-6 PUFA: sum of linoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, and AA.
cLong-chain n-3 PUFA: sum of EPA, DHA, and docosapentaenoic acid.