Figure 3.

(a,b) Counts of flower heads of the leguminous plant L. pedunculatus in experimental grassland mesocosms in summer 2013, in the presence and absence of herbivores. Black shows controls (unlit at night), blue shows white light treatment and orange lines show amber light treatment (mean ± s.e.). (c) Three-minute timed counts of pea aphids A. pisum in mesocosms in 2013, colours as above. Asterisks represent significant differences between the light treatment and control—for L. pedunculatus inflorescence counts were consistently lower under both light types during the flowering season, across all survey dates and independent of the presence of herbivores. For A. pisum, counts were significantly lower under amber lights only during mid-August. At this time, A. pisum was found almost exclusively on L. pedunclatus flowers, which were rare in the lit treatments.