Fig. 3.

Correlation of the EOC with isotope event Mi-1b (ODP Site 1090) and orbital forcing. Numbers in circles indicate magnetostratigraphic (Billups et al., 2002) and biostratigraphic (Raffi et al., 2006) constraints: (1) position of Mi-1b relative to the base of chron C5Dr; (2) highest consistent occurrence of Sphenolithus belemnos, ~ 17.97 Ma; (3) lowest consistent occurrence of Sphenolithus heteromorphus ~ 17.72 Ma. Positive and negative deviations from mean δ¹⁸O in the studied interval are indicated in blue and red, respectively. Black lines show short-term variations in eccentricity (~ 100 kyrs) and obliquity (~ 41 kyrs), and long-term modulations (~ 400 kyrs and ~ 1200 kyrs, respectively) are highlighted in grey colour (Laskar et al., 2004). EOC cold snaps identified from the alkenone record are indicated by light blue bars, and the duration of the EOC is indicated together with the Central Paratethys (C.P.) stages.