Schematic representations of Type IV IRESs in (A) pigeon mesivirus 1, (B) Aalivirus, (C) duck hepatitis A virus and (D) Seal picornavirus, based on proposals presented here and elsewhere (Kapoor et al., 2008; Pan et al., 2012; Boros et al., 2014a, b), showing the differing locations of the conserved ‘8-like’ motif. (E) Nucleotide sequenced alignment of the ‘8-like’ motif in these picornaviruses and quail picornavirus, pigeon mesivirus 2 and Duck, Turkey and Chicken megriviruses.