S1P enhances pulmonary CD23 (FcRII) expression. (A) Immunohistochemical detection of CD23 was performed on lung sections harvested from mice challenged with vehicle or S1P by using anti-CD23 monoclonal Ab (B3B4, anti-CD23) or rat IgG isotype control as shown in the representative lung section staining. Lung sections were photographed under light microscopy at ×10 magnification. (B) CD23 quantification was performed at 7, 14 and 21 days after S1P challenge (*P < 0.05 vs. vehicle). In another set of experiments, anti-CD23 (B3B4; 10 μg per mice) was administered i.p. 30 min before S1P or vehicle on days 0 and day 7. On day 21, mice were killed. (C) Pulmonary mast cells were identified as IgE+cKit+ cells by flow cytometry (**P < 0.01). (D) Sera were collected to determine IgE levels by elisa (**P < 0.01); (E, F) pulmonary expression of IL-4 (*P < 0.05) and IL-13 (**P < 0.01) was determined by elisa. Data are means ± SEM n = 6 mice in each group.