Table 2.
Descriptive Statistics for Participant Characteristics and Between-Group Comparisons
| 1. mTBI | 2. Control | 3. CMC | 1 vs 2 | 1 vs 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=33) | (n=33) | (n=33) | p (2-tailed) | p (2-tailed) | |
| Age: M (SD) | 22.25 (5.72) | 21.81 (5.36) | 23.27 (9.76) | 0.748 | 0.881 |
| Male (n) | 14 | 14 | 15 | ||
| Female (n) | 19 | 19 | 18 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Caucasian (n) | 29 | 29 | 26 | 1.00 | 0.325 |
| Dominant language: (n) | |||||
| English | 30 | 28 | 31 | 0.708 | 1.00 |
| Years of education: M (SD) | 14.03 (2.36) | 13.76 (2.15) | 14.58( 2.67) | 0.390 | 0.331 |
| Currently enrolled in tertiary education: (n) | 29 | 32 | 31 | 0.355 | 0.672 |
| Caffeine consumption: M (SD) | |||||
| Drinks/morning: | 0.79 (0.65) | 0.75 (0.87) | 1.58 (0.66) | 0.580 | 0.187 |
| Drinks/afternoon: | 1.48 (0.63) | 1.57 (0.92) | 1.72 (0.66) | 0.978 | 0.298 |
| Drinks/evening: | 1.34 (0.67) | 1.50 (0.92) | 1.39 (0.50) | 0.630 | 0.511 |
| Frequency that sleep is disturbed by pain/discomfort: M (SD) | 2.88 (1.02) | 2.30 (1.02) | 2.40 (1.10) | 0.015 | 0.026 |
| Sleep medication use (n) | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0.238 | 0.613 |
| Stimulant use (n) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1.00 | 0.492 |
| Sedative use (n) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0.492 | 0.492 |
| Depressed or sad: M (SD)b | 1.28 (1.08) | 1.09 (1.06) | 1.27 (1.11) | 0.430 | 0.903 |
| Anxious or tense: M (SD) b | 1.16 (1.19) | 0.88 (1.01) | 0.87 (0.97) | 0.361 | 0.386 |
N=99. mTBI, mild traumatic brain injury; CMC, close-matched controls; SD, standard deviation.
Between-group comparisons were performed using Mann-Whitney U tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical tests (with a Fischer exact correction applied for analyses with violated assumptions).
a
Frequency that sleep is disturbed by pain or discomfort was measured on a 5-point scale (1=Never, 2=Rarely, 3=A few nights a month, 4=A few nights a week, 5=Every night or Almost every night).
b
Items taken from the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory, which are measured on a 5-point scale (0=not at all, 4=very severe).