Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of study participants

Characteristic	n	Males	n	Females	n	Total
Age (years)	291	53.5±14.4	506	53.8±15.9	797	53.7±15.4
BMI (kg/m²)	291	30.6±6.1	506	29.6±6.6^*	797	30.0±6.5
Normal weight (<25 kg/m²)	43	14.8%	122	24.1%^*	165	20.7%
Overweight (25.0 – 29.9 kg/m²)	108	37.1%	176	34.8%^*	284	35.6%
Obese (≥30 kg/m²)	140	48.1%	208	41.1%^*	348	43.7%
WC (cm)	287	102±12.8	505	92.0±15.1^**	792	95.8±15.1
Low risk^a	162	56.4%	213	42.2%^*	375	47.3%
High risk^b	125	43.6%	292	57.8%^*	417	52.7%
WHtR	287	0.59±0.08	505	0.58±0.10^*	792	0.58±0.09
Low risk (≤0.50)	28	9.8%	126	25.0%^*	154	19.4%
High risk (>0.50)	259	90.2%	379	75.0%^*	638	80.6%
25(OH)D (ng/mL)	291	25.6±8.4	506	24.1±8.9^*	797	24.7±8.7
Vitamin D Status
Deficient (<12 ng/mL)	11	3.8%	31	6.1%^*	42	5.3%
Inadequate (12 – 20 ng/mL)	80	27.5%	164	32.4%^*	244	30.6%
Adequate (>20 ng/mL)	200	68.7%	311	61.5%^*	511	64.1%
Insufficient (21 – 29 ng/mL)	132	45.4%	215	42.5%^*	347	43.5%
Optimal (≥30 ng/mL)	68	23.4%	96	19.0%^*	164	20.6%
Co-morbidities
Diabetes	135	46.4%	180	35.6%^*	315	39.5%
Hypertension	120	41.2%	132	26.1%^**	252	31.6%
Hyperlipidemia	156	53.6%	199	39.3%^**	355	44.5%

Values are presented as age-adjusted means±SD or percentage (%).

p<0.05 compared to males (Student’s t-test or Chi²).

^**

p<0.001 compared to males (Student’s t-test or Chi²).

Defined as <102 cm in males and <88 cm in females;

Defined as ≥102 cm in males and ≥88 cm in females.