Zhu et al. (2009) |
• Tobacco Use Supplement to Current Population Survey 2002–2003 (TUS CPS) |
• n = 15,056 |
• Follow-up one year later in 2003 |
Non-user = does not currently use either product, subgroups include never smokers and former smokers |
ST user = currently uses chewing tobacco or snuff every day or some days |
Cigarette smoker = has smoked ≥ 100 cigarettes in lifetime and currently smokes cigarettes every day or some days |
Dual user = ST user + cigarette smoker |
Percentages are weighted by census-derived survey weights, and stratified by gender, but not adjusted for other factors. |
• Males and females |
• Only includes data for adults with baseline and follow-up information (excludes 1.9% of the sample with conflicting smoking information) |
• Nationally representative cross sectional survey with longitudinal component in some cycles |
• ages 18+ |
• Nationally representative |
• Household interviews at baseline in 2002 with follow-up in 2003 for some participants |
Wetter et al. (2002) |
• Secondary trial data from Working Well cancer prevention trial – University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and worksites |
• n = 1244 tobacco users |
• Follow-up four years later |
Non-user = has not smoked in past seven days and does not currently use smokeless tobacco |
ST user = currently uses chewing tobacco, dip, or snuff |
Cigarette smoker = has smoked ≥ 100 cigarettes in lifetime and has smoked in past seven days |
Dual user = ST user + cigarette smoker |
percentages are unadjusted |
• Males |
• Only includes employees who remained at their baseline worksite four years later (62% of baseline sample) |
adjusted odds ratios, for other analyses (not presented here) |
• Baseline in 1990 |
• Average age = 37.5 years |
• Reside in southeastern U.S. |
• 52% of baseline dual users had follow up data, compared to 60% of smokers and 66% of ST users. |
Haddock et al. (2001) |
• Secondary data from Wilford Hall/University of Memphis and Minnesota Smoking Cessation Program |
• n = 7865 |
• Mail-in follow-up one year after military basic training |
Non-user = Never smoker + never ST user or never smoker + former ST user |
ST user = uses smokeless tobacco at least once per day |
Cigarette smoker at follow-up = has smoked at least a puff in last seven days |
n/a |
percentages are unadjusted |
• Males |
• Baseline questionnaire in August 1995 |
• Average age 19.8 years |
• Follow-up takes place after an imposed tobacco ban |
Never Smoker = has never smoked regularly (at least one cigarette per day) |
adjusted odds ratios for other analyses (not presented here) |
• Treatment and control groups during a 6-week imposed tobacco ban in August 1996 |
• U.S. Air Force young adult male recruits who reported being never smokers at baseline |
• 96% of smokers and 66% of nonsmokers had follow-up data from parent study |
|
• Follow-up excludes those who dropped out of basic training, completed training but dropped out of the survey, were deceased, or on assignment) |