Tomar et al. (2003) |
• The Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey (TAPS-I and II), nationally representative cohort study, in 1988–1989 and 1993 |
• n = 3,996 |
• Four-year follow-up between 1989 and 1993 |
Non-user = Not ST user + Not current smoker |
ST user = self-identification as regular user of chewing tobacco or snuff |
Current smoker = smoked ≥ 100 cigarettes in lifetime and smoked at least 1 day in 30 days preceding interview |
Dual user = ST user + current smoker |
percentages are weighted by survey weights |
• Young males |
• Telephone interviews and self-administered questionnaires by mail (TAPS-I) or in-person contact (TAPS-II) |
• Ages 11-19 |
• 87.1% of baseline sample completed follow-up |
adjusted odds ratios for other analyses (not presented here) |
• Nationally representative |
Severson et al. (2007) |
• Cohort study conducted between 1994 and 1999 |
• n = 2263 |
• Two-year follow-up in 9th or 11th grade |
Non-user = Non-smoker + Not ST user |
ST user = any smokeless tobacco use in the past 30 days |
Current smoker = WSI score is ≥ 1 |
Dual user = ST user + cigarette smoker (only included at follow-up) |
percentages are unadjusted |
• Young males |
• Baseline survey completed once in 7th or 9th grade |
• 7th and 9th-graders at baseline |
Non-smoker = Has never smoked and Weekly Smoking Index (WSI) score is 0. WSI score averages answers to four questions about current smoking during past month |
adjusted odds ratios for other analyses (not presented here) |
• Evaluation of a randomized community intervention to prevent adolescent use |
• Small rural communities in Oregon |
O’Hegarty et al. (2012) |
• National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative school-based sample with Wave I conducted during the 1994–1995 school year |
• n = 3284 |
• Wave II conducted in 1996, approximately 1–2 years after Wave I (1994–1995) |
|
ST user = reported using smokeless tobacco during the past 30 days |
Current smoker = smoked on at least 1 of the past 30 days |
Dual user = smoked on at least 1 of the past 30 days and used reported using smokeless during the past 30 days |
|
• Male and female |
• Grades 7–11 when interviewed in Wave I |
• Nationally representative sample |
|