Table 2.

Results from simulation study with correlated variants

r2	Mean F	Method	Mean	Median	SD	Mean SE	Coverage
0.00	42.6	2SLS	0.195	0.191	0.090	0.090	94.8
		IVW	0.195	0.191	0.090	0.082	92.8
		Likelihood	0.200	0.196	0.092	0.087	94.1
0.06	47.8	2SLS	0.196	0.193	0.086	0.085	94.5
		IVW	0.197	0.194	0.086	0.073	90.3
		Likelihood	0.201	0.198	0.087	0.077	92.0
0.13	52.6	2SLS	0.197	0.194	0.080	0.081	95.0
		IVW	0.199	0.196	0.080	0.066	89.5
		Likelihood	0.202	0.199	0.081	0.070	91.2
0.26	63.3	2SLS	0.197	0.193	0.074	0.073	94.6
		IVW	0.199	0.196	0.074	0.055	85.1
		Likelihood	0.201	0.198	0.074	0.058	87.1
0.41	74.8	2SLS	0.198	0.196	0.067	0.067	95.0
		IVW	0.201	0.199	0.068	0.046	82.1
		Likelihood	0.202	0.200	0.068	0.048	84.2

Instrumental variable estimates of causal effect +0.2 from simulated data with correlated variants (correlation measured by r², the average squared correlation between variants) using individual-level data (two-stage least squares method, 2SLS) and summarized data (inverse-variance weighted, IVW, and likelihood-based methods) with mean F statistic, mean and median estimates across simulations, SD of estimates, mean SE of estimates, coverage (%) of 95% confidence interval