Table 3.

Causal odds ratios of CAD per 30% reduction in LDL-C

Method	Correlation (ρ)	Estimate	95% confidence interval
IVW	–	0.33	0.25, 0.45
Likelihood-based	0	0.33	0.24, 0.46
Likelihood-based	−0.4	0.33	0.23, 0.48
Likelihood-based	−0.2	0.33	0.24, 0.47
Likelihood-based	−0.1	0.33	0.24, 0.46
Likelihood-based	0.1	0.33	0.25, 0.45
Likelihood-based	0.2	0.33	0.25, 0.45
Likelihood-based	0.4	0.34	0.26, 0.44

Instrumental variable estimates of causal effect of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) on risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) using inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method and likelihood-based method for different values of the correlation parameter (ρ)