Fig. 1.

TMP prevented arsenic-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HK-2 cells. a, b HK-2 cells were incubated with sodium arsenite or sodium arsenate at different doses for 6, 24 or 48 h. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. c Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL and PI staining. HK-2 cells were exposed to sodium arsenite (0 or 10 µM) 24 h alone or in a combination with 10 mM NAC or 100 µM TMP. Merged images were captured by confocal fluorescent microscope at 200× magnification. d Average percentages of TUNEL-positive cells were assessed in each group. Values are mean ± SD (n = 3), *p < 0.05 versus control (Con), **p < 0.01 versus Con