Table 1.
Comparison of baseline characteristics, signs, and symptoms stratified by tuberculosis case-finding
| Categories | Variables | Description | ACFa TB cases (n=132; %) | PCFb TB cases (n=307; %) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total cohort (%) | – | – | 132 (30.1) | 307 (69.9) | – |
| Baseline characteristics | Gender | Male | 68 (51.5) | 156 (50.8) | 0.917 |
| Female | 64 (48.5) | 151 (49.2) | |||
| Age (years) | Median age | 35 (28–44c) | 32 (28–40c) | 0.120 | |
| Residence | Urban | 101 (78.3) | 274 (89.5) | 0.03 | |
| Rural | 28 (21.7) | 32 (10.5) | |||
| CD4 count (cells/mm3) | Median | 169 (91–271c)d | 173 (95–336a) | 0.160 | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | Median | 10.4 (9.1–11.9c) | 10.7 (9.3–12.0c) | 0.289 | |
| Type of TB | Pulmonary | 128 (97.0%) | 224 (73.0) | <0.001 | |
| Extrapulmonary | 4 (3.0%) | 83 (27.0) | |||
| Pulmonary TB smear status | Positive | 27 (21.1) | 99 (44.2) | <0.001 | |
| Negative | 101 (78.9) | 125 (55.8) | |||
| WHO symptoms | WHO symptom screene | Positive | 121 (92.4) | 292 (95.7) | 0.164 |
| Negative | 10 (7.6) | 13 (4.3) | |||
| Fever | Yes | 86 (65.6) | 307 (82.4) | <0.001 | |
| No | 37 (34.4) | 54 (17.6) | |||
| Night sweats | Yes | 95 (72.0) | 256 (83.4) | <0.01 | |
| No | 40 (28.0) | 51 (16.6) | |||
| Weight loss | Yes | 109 (82.6) | 254 (83.0) | 0.891 | |
| No | 23 (17.4) | 52 (17.0) | |||
| Cough | Yes | 82 (62.1) | 190 (62.1) | 1.0 | |
| No | 50 (37.9) | 116 (37.9) | |||
| Other symptoms | Loss of appetite | Yes | 85 (64.4) | 249 (81.1) | <0.001 |
| No | 47 (35.6) | 58 (18.9) | |||
| Blood stained sputum | Yes | 6 (4.5) | 47 (15.4) | 0.001 | |
| No | 126 (95.5) | 258 (84.6) | |||
| Bed ridden | Yes | 13 (9.9) | 81 (26.4) | <0.001 | |
| No | 118 (90.1) | 226 (73.6) | |||
| Physical findings | Conjunctival pallor | Yes | 34 (26.0) | 118 (38.4) | 0.012 |
| No | 97 (74.0) | 189 (61.6) | |||
| Peripheral lymphadenopathy | Yes | 14 (10.6) | 58 (19.0) | 0.035 | |
| No | 118 (89.4) | 248 (81.0) | |||
| Biometric data | BMIf (kg/m2) | Median | 17.8 (16.2–19.7c) | 17.5 (16.0–19.5c) | 0.342 |
| MUACg (cms) | Median | 21.0 (19.0–23.0c) | 20.0 (19.0–22.0c) | 0.033 |
a
ACF: active case-finding; TB case detected through intensified screening regardless of symptoms.
b
PCF: passive case-finding; TB case detected after a symptomatic patient came to a health facility.
c
Interquartile range.
d
CD4≤350 cells/mm3 inclusion criteria for ACF.
e
WHO symptom screen positive: presence of current cough, fever, night sweats or weight loss.
f
BMI: body mass index.
g
MUAC: mid upper-arm circumference.