Table 1.

Autophagy and warm and/or cold liver I-R injury: in vitro and in vivo animal and human studies.

Species	Preexisting liver disease	Experimental liver I-R model	Effects on autophagy	Modulation of autophagy by inhibitors	Modulation of autophagy by stimulators	Effects on I-R injury	Authors and references
Rat	No	Partial warm 60 min	Decreased	(a) Hemin + Chloroquine (b) Hemin + Wortmannin		Detrimental Detrimental	Yun et al. 2014 [47]
Mice	No	Partial warm 60 min	Increased	Melatonin		Protective	Kang et al. 2014 [48]
Mice	No	Partial warm 45 min	Increased	Ethyl pyruvate		Protective	Shen et al. 2013 [46]
Mice	No	Total warm 45 min	Decreased		Carbamazepine	Protective	Kim et al. 2013 [45]
Rat	No	Partial warm 60 and 90 min	Increased	Chloroquine		Protective (early reperfusion phase) Detrimental (late reperfusion phase)	Fang et al. 2013 [44]
Rat	No	Partial warm 90 min	Increased	Chloroquine Chloroquine + NAC		Detrimental Protective	Sun et al. 2013 [43]
Rat	No	Partial warm 60 min	Increased		Lithium	Protective	Liu et al. 2013 [42]
Rat	Steatosis	Cold ischemia 24 h	Decreased		Melatonin + Trimetazidine	Protective	Zaouali et al. 2013 [41]
Rat	Steatosis	Cold ischemia 16 h/30 min warm reperfusion in situ	Decreased			Detrimental	Gracia-Sancho et al. 2013 [40]
Human	No	Hypoxia/reoxygenation of hepatocytes	Decreased	3-MA		Protective	Bhogal et al. 2012 [39]
Mice	No	(a) Anoxia/reoxygenation of hepatocytes	Increased		Rapamycin	Protective	Wang et al. 2012 [38]
		(b) Partial warm 90 min	Increased		Rapamycin	Protective
Calcium/ Calmodulin- kinase IV KO mice	No	Partial warm 60 min	Decreased		Rapamycin	Protective	Evankovich et al. 2012 [37]
Human	No	Liver transplantation	Decreased		Ischemic preconditioning	Protective	Degli Esposti et al. 2011 [35]
Old mice	No	Total warm 20 min	Decreased		(a) ALLM Calpain 2 inhibitor (b) Adenoviral overexpression of Atg4B and Beclin 1	Protective	Wang et al. 2011 [34]
Pig	No	Liver transplantation	Decreased		Hypothermic reconditioning by gaseous oxygen	Protective	Minor et al. 2011 [36]
Rat	Steatosis	Cold ischemia 20 h	Decreased		Hypothermic reconditioning by gaseous oxygen	Protective	Minor et al. 2009 [30]
Mice	No	Partial warm 60 min	Decreased		Cisplatin	Protective	Cardinal et al. 2009 [32]
Rat	No	Liver transplantation	Increased	(a) Wortmannin (b) LY294002		Protective	Gotoh et al. 2009 [33]
Human	Postchemotherapy steatosis	Total Warm	Decreased		Ischemic preconditioning	Protective	Domart et al. 2009 [29]
Old mice	No	Partial warm 30, 60, and 90 min	Decreased		Rosiglitazone	Protective?	Shin et al. 2008 [28]
Rat	No	(a) Total warm 45 min	Decreased			Protective	Kim et al. 2008 [27]
		(b) Anoxia/reoxygenation of hepatocytes	Decreased		(a) Nutrient depletion
					(b) Adenoviral overexpression of Atg7 and Beclin 1
					(c) ALLM Calpain 2 inhibitor
Rat	No	Partial warm 120 min	Increased			Protective?	Cursio et al. 2010 [31]
Rat	No	Liver transplantation	Increased			Detrimental	Lu et al. 2005 [26]