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. 2015 Mar 11;2015:905749. doi: 10.1155/2015/905749

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Copyright © 2015 Bing Pang et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Main mechanisms of BBR on glucose metabolism. Note: AMPK: adenosine monophosphate- (AMP-) activated protein kinase; HNF-4: hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha; PPARs: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6: interleukin-6; INOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; CRP: C-reaction protein; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; IR: insulin resistance; MDA: malondialdehyde; AR: aldose reductase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GSH-PX: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: glutathione; GLP-1: glucagon-like protein-1; PKC: protein kinase C; InsR: insulin receptor; GLU1: glucose transporter type 1; RNP4: retinol binding protein 4; GLUT4: glucose transporter type 4.