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. 2015 Mar 31;17(1):88. doi: 10.1186/s13075-015-0596-3

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© Hoogduijn; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Overview of the interactions between mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and immune cells. MSCs secrete cytokines (including transforming growth factor β, hepatocyte growth factor, IL-6, IL-7), chemokines (CCL2, IL-8) and prostaglandins (prostaglandin-E2), and express proliferation inhibitory cell surface molecules (programmed death ligand 1, Fas ligand) and metabolic enzymes (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, CD73) that target immune cells in various ways. APC, antigen-presenting cell; NK, natural killer; TLR, Toll-like receptor.