Table 2.
Studies investigating Se intake and Se concentration in water and food in Middle Eastern countries. KSA, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| Country | Study | Subject No./Age/Samples Details | Se Intake/Water and Food Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turkey [44] | Se Content of human breast milk in lactating women; dairy milk products of Turkey | Breast milk samples from 10 healthy lactating women collected during 2 months; colostrum milk 7 days and transitional milk 8–15 days postpartum; mature milk on the 15th day postpartum; cow milk samples collected from cities in Turkey from 1994 to 1996; other milk samples collected from various cities in Turkey | Average Se concentration (mean ± SD) in human breast milk: colostrum 13.8 ± 4.71 ng/g; transitional 11.52 ± 1.92 ng/g; mature 11.16 ± 6.15 ng/g; cow milk ranged from 5.78 to 32.02 ng/g, lowest in Van and highest in Aksaray; the overall mean in cow milk was 15.24 ± 5.54 ng/g; other milk: goat milk 39.28 ± 30.11 ng/g; sheep milk 32.28 ± 17.98 ng/g; water buffalo 32.89 ± 15.32 ng/g; goat milk contained almost twice that in cow’s milk |
| Turkey [45] | Systematic review of trace elements in growth | Summary of various studies investigating Se levels in children | Estimated daily intakes: 30–40 μg/day |
| Turkey [46] | Trace metal levels in milk and dairy products consumed in middle Anatola, Turkey | Samples collected reflected the potential consumption by the Turkish population. | Highest average Se found in Tulum cheese (0.434 mg/kg); butter averaged 0.315 mg/kg, followed by Kaşar cheese, with 0.276 mg/kg and milk with 0.232 mg/kg; white cheese and drained yoghurt contained 0.159 mg/kg and 0.082 mg/kg, respectively; ice cream, milk and whey powders, yogurt, Ayran or Lor cheese contained no Se. |
| Jordan [47] | Survey of ground water in semi-arid areas: Amman Zarqa Basin | Se concentration (in μg/L) in the different aquifers in the Amman Zarqa Basin | Total Se content varied markedly in the aquifers; the Se concentration ranged from 2 to 441 μg/L, and the average was 30.8 μg/L |
| KSA [48] | The distribution of Se in dairy farms: a preliminary report from Al-Kharj | The concentration of Se in wheat grain grown in KSA | Se ranged from 8 to 293 μg/kg (average 78.4 μg/kg); the lowest average, 50.6 μg/kg, was the Wadi Al-Dowasir area, while the highest average, 285.5 μg/kg, was in Al-Jouf |
| KSA [49] | Survey of foods from the KSA market and estimation of the daily intake | Foods for residents of Jeddah | Intake of 75–121.65 μg Se/person per day |
| KSA [50,51] | Survey of infant milk formula | Infant formulas | Contained adequate Se for infants up to 6 months |
| KSA [51,52] | Survey of breast milk and cow’s milk | Breast milk | Breast-fed infants had Se intakes between 0.9 and 15 μg/day |
| Jordan [53] | Case-control study of colorectal cancer patients using a semi-quantitative FFQ | 220 patients and 220 age- and gender-matched controls | Colorectal cancer patients had significantly lower dietary intake of Se than controls (38.75 ± 11.42 μg/day versus 59.26 ± 8.91 μg/day) |
| Tehran, Iran [54] | Cross-sectional analysis of 24-h food recalls | 100 female university students aged 18-25 years | Se intake was 54.5 ± 38.7 μg/day |
| Shahin Shahr and Meymeh, Iran [55] | Cross-sectional analysis of 24-h food recalls | Seventy one 6–7-year-old normal weight children | Se intake was within recommendations |
| Iran [56] | Case-control analysis of 24-h dietary recall data | 445 coronary artery disease patients divided into those with significant disease (>50% occlusion) (Angio+ (n = 273)) and those with <50% coronary artery occlusion (Angio− (n = 172)) and 443 healthy controls | Se intake in the control 34.98 ± 22.93 mg/day, Angio—48.70 ± 23.53 mg/day and Angio+ 49.63 ± 29.75 mg/day * |
| Iran [57] | Case-control analysis of a 24-h validated FFQ | 47 cases with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients and 96 controls | The calorie adjusted mean Se intakes were categorized into 3 tertiles; controls consumed 623.5-times higher Se than patients |
| KSA [58] | Quantification of Se in food from local markets of Riyadh. | Primary sources of Se in the diet were: meat and meat products (31%), egg (20.4%), cereals and cereal products (16%), legumes (8.7%), fruits (6.8%), milk and dairy products (2.0%), beverages (2%), sweets (1.8%), pickles (0.2%) and oil (0.02%). | Daily intake of Se was estimated to be 93 μg/day |
| Iran [59] | Cross-sectional analysis to determine Se intake using a 3-day food record in postmenopausal women | 30 postmenopausal women | Daily intake of Se was estimated to be 40 μg/day |
* These values are substantially higher than most others provided in Table 2. The corresponding author of the reference was contacted to confirm the units stated in the reference. No response was obtained prior to this manuscript submission. Therefore, this reference was excluded from our interpretation of the data.