Table 4.

Linear Mixed Model of PNC (number of observations = 302 in 190 people).

Dependent variable: SBP, DBP, or PPPNC Model	SBP			DBP				PP
	R	Robust SE	P	R	Robust SE	P	R	Robust SE	P
Predictor: 24 h PNC (10,000 particles/cm3) †	2.19	1.82	0.23	2.40	1.11	0.03 *	−0.16	1.34	0.91
Quad-center transformed measure—24 h avg temp (°C)	−0.01	0.01	0.43	−0.01	0.01	0.24	−0.001	0.01	0.88
Random vs. Convenience Sample	2.77	3.18	0.38	−0.04	1.96	0.98	2.89	2.17	0.18
Highway proximity (≤400 vs. ≥1000 m)	−1.49	2.65	0.57	0.98	1.86	0.60	−2.42	2.14	0.26
Obesity status (obese vs. non-obese)	7.07	2.43	0.00 **	5.91	1.63	0.00 **	1.32	1.84	0.47
Hypertension medication use (yes vs. no)	−1.94	2.78	0.48	−1.59	1.76	0.37	−0.56	2.09	0.79
Age (year)	0.86	0.11	0.00 **	0.03	0.07	0.69	0.83	0.09	0.00 **
Gender (female vs. male)	−3.57	2.46	0.15	−2.46	1.55	0.11	−1.22	1.74	0.49
Race (White)
Asian	14.99	4.82	0.00 **	9.78	2.64	0.00 **	5.25	3.67	0.15
Black	9.06	6.49	0.16	5.17	3.82	0.18	3.68	3.29	0.26
Other	4.17	3.08	0.18	2.11	2.36	0.37	2.12	2.00	0.29
Smoking status (Never smoked)
Used to smoke	1.41	2.48	0.57	1.27	1.75	0.47	0.21	1.84	0.91
Current smoker	−0.04	3.21	0.99	2.41	2.05	0.24	−2.45	2.36	0.30
Education (<high school)
High school	−3.44	3.58	0.34	−4.81	2.50	0.05	1.35	2.58	0.60
Undergraduate	−4.99	3.64	0.17	−2.22	2.37	0.35	−2.69	2.64	0.31
Graduate	−10.06	3.83	0.01 *	−5.79	2.61	0.03	−4.24	2.63	0.11
Clinic Dates
Seasonal Variation 1	−1.00	1.29	0.44	−0.32	0.67	0.63	−0.75	0.99	0.45
Seasonal Variation 2	1.93	1.26	0.13	−0.68	0.85	0.43	2.45	1.00	0.01 *
Weekdays vs. Weekend	−0.04	1.83	0.98	0.01	1.06	0.99	−0.18	1.42	0.90
Clinic Date (1 day)	−0.02	0.01	0.00 **	0.005	0.004	0.30	−0.02	0.01	0.00 **

Notes: ^† PNC beta value was converted to reflect an increase per 10,000 particles per cubic centimeter. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01; ¹ Seasonal variation using sine of clinic dates. ² Seasonal variation using cosine of clinic dates.