. 2015 Mar 23;12(3):3381–3394. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120303381

Table 1.

Demographic and lifestyle characteristics of study subjects on the smoking status.

Characteristics	Non-Smokers	Current Smokers, Average Numbers of Cigarettes Per Day			Former Smokers	p Value ^a
Characteristics	Non-Smokers	Light Smokers (1–9)	Moderate Smokers (10–20)	Heavy Smokers (≥21)	Former Smokers	p Value ^a
N	2942	184	249	53	129
Gender, %men	16.76	55.43	72.29	84.91	75.97	<0.0001
Age group %						<0.0001
18–39	53.13	55.43	42.17	22.64	25.58
40–59	41.13	38.59	53.01	67.92	54.26
≥60	5.74	5.98	4.82	9.43	20.16
Educational level %						<0.0001
1st	25.29	35.33	27.71	45.28	39.53
2nd	38.38	32.61	52.21	33.96	34.11
3rd	36.34	32.07	20.08	20.75	26.36
Family allergic disease history, %yes	10.77	9.78	6.83	5.66	6.98	0.146
Alcohol drinkers, %yes	8.36	31.52	38.15	50.94	41.09	<0.0001
Atopy(allergic to any allergens), %yes	23.05	16.85	15.26	22.64	20.93	0.023
Allergic toinhalant Allergens only %yes	18.41	12.57	12.08	18.00	13.56	0.030
Allergictofood allergens only %yes	2.96	2.55	1.86	2.38	3.77	0.870
Allergic to both food andaeroallergens %yes	4.15	3.16	2.31	4.65	6.42	0.453
BMI,kg/m²mean(SD)	22.81 (3.59)	22.62 (3.50)	23.61 (4.66)	24.01 (3.32)	24.12 (3.56)	<0.0001

^a Chi-square and ANOVA test were conducted for categorical variables and continuous variables, respectively. Abbreviations: Educational level. 1st, illiterate or primary school; 2nd, junior/senior secondary school; 3rd, college, university. SD, Standard Deviation.