Table 3.
Crude associations between congenital heart disease, neurodevelopmental outcomes, and healthcare utilization children 0–17 years in the Unites States, 1997–2011*
| Variable | CHD 374 (%) |
No CHD 158,243(%) |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes and Healthcare Utilization in children 2–17 years | |||
| Autism/ASD | |||
| No | 368 (97.4) | 157,360 (99.4) | 4.6 (1.9–11.0) |
| Yes | 6 (2.6) | 883 (0.6) | |
| ADHD or ADD | |||
| No | 329 (89.7) | 147,983 (93.4) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) |
| Yes | 44 (10.3) | 9,942 (6.6) | |
| Been told SC had intellectual disability | |||
| No | 351 (94.7) | 157,146 (99.4) | 9.1 (5.4–15.4) |
| Yes | 23 (5.3) | 981 (0.6) | |
| Seen or talked to a mental health professional in last 12 months | |||
| No | 317 (85.5) | 147,749 (93.5) | 2.5 (1.6–3.7) |
| Yes | 54 (14.5) | 9,834 (6.5) | |
| Seen a physical, speech, respiratory, occupational therapist or audiologist in last 12 months | |||
| No | 292 (78.4) | 148,907 (94.0) | 4.3 (3.2–5.9) |
| Yes | 79 (21.6) | 8,657 (6.0) | |
| Learning disability** | |||
| No | 271 (79.1) | 136,579 (92.4) | 3.8 (2.9–5.2) |
| Yes | 77 (20.9) | 10,875 (7.6) | |
|
Healthcare Utilization for Children 0–17 | |||
|
CHD 420 (%) |
No CHD 158,243(%) |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|
| There is a usual place you go to when child is sick | |||
| Yes | 400 (96.0) | 167,946 (94.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) |
| No | 20 (4.0) | 11,777 (5.7) | |
| Has healthcare provider changed in last 12 months | |||
| No | 374 (92.0) | 154,255 (91.6) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
| Yes | 31 (8.0) | 14,203 (8.4) | |
| Not due to changes in health insurance | 23 (82.0) | 9,788 (70.6) | 0.5 (0.2–1.2) |
| Due to changes in health insurance | 8 (18.0) | 4,401 (29.4) | |
| Has child seen a medical doctor who treats a variety of illnesses^ in last 12 months | |||
| No | 52 (12.0) | 38,203 (20.2) | 1.9 (1.3–2.7) |
| Yes | 364 (88.0) | 140,922 (79.8) | |
| Has child received a well-child checkup in last 12 months | |||
| No | 75 (22.6) | 36,363 (25.7) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
| Yes | 245 (77.4) | 101,699 (74.3) | |
| Has child gone to an ER in last 12 months | |||
| No | 277 (68.4) | 141,329 (79.5) | 1.8 (1.4–2.4) |
| Yes | 136 (31.6) | 37,762 (20.5) | |
| 1–5 time | 122 (90.6) | 36,909 (97.8) | 4.7 (2.1–10.4) |
| >5 times | 14 (9.4) | 854 (2.2) | |
| Did child receive care at home in last 12 months | |||
| No | 397 (95.1) | 177,823 (99.1) | 5.7 (3.3–9.7) |
| Yes | 20 (4.9) | 1,588 (0.9) | |
| 1–5 times | 3 (20.6) | 690 (58.1) | 5.3 (1.3–22.6) |
| >5 times | 12 (79.4) | 473 (41.9) | |
| Has child seen a health care professional in doctor’s office or clinic in last 12 months | |||
| No | 18 (4.0) | 21,744 (11.6) | 3.2 (1.7–6.0) |
| Yes | 398 (96.0) | 156,057 (88.4) | |
| 1–5 times | 253 (64.8) | 130,971 (83.9) | 2.8 (2.2–3.7) |
| >5 times | 145 (35.2) | 25,086 (16.1) | |
| Time since child last saw or talked to a doctor or other healthcare provider | |||
| ≥6 months | 56 (10.9) | 43,407 (24.4) | 2.6 (1.8–3.8) |
| <6 months | 360 (89.1) | 134,800 (75.6) | |
*
Data source: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey
**
only asked of those 3–17 years of age
^
Pediatrics, family or internal medicine physicians
CHD: congenital heart disease; ASD: autism spectrum disorders; ADHD: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADD: attention-deficit disorder; SC: sample child; ER: emergency room; CI: confidence interval; CDC: Center for Disease Control and Prevention; NCHS: National Center for Health Statistics