Table 2.
Pre- and Post-Intervention Assessments of PSI/SF Scale Scores for Participants Stratified by Type of Intervention
| All (N=80) | Parenting Intervention (N=34) | Health Intervention (N=46) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSI/SF Scales | Median | Mean±SD | IQRe | Median | Mean±SD | IQRe | Median | Mean±SD | IQRe | p Value |
| All | ||||||||||
| Pre-Intervention | ||||||||||
| Parental Distress | 29.5 | 30.5±7.6 | 25.0–36.0 | 28.0 | 30.0±8.0 | 25.0–37.0 | 30.0 | 30.8±7.4 | 25.0–36.0 | 0.676 |
| Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction | 23.0 | 23.5±6.7 | 19.0–26.0 | 22.0 | 23.2±7.0 | 17.0–26.0 | 24.0 | 23.7±6.5 | 19.0–26.0 | 0.772 |
| Difficult Child | 27.5 | 28.8±7.8 | 24.0–34.0 | 25.0 | 27.4±7.9 | 24.0–32.0 | 29.5 | 29.7±7.6 | 24.0–35.0 | 0.201 |
| Total Stress (PSI) | 81.0 | 82.7±18.6 | 69.5–950 | 79.0 | 80.7±19.0 | 66.0–95.0 | 84.5 | 84.1±18.4 | 71.0–94.0 | 0.418 |
| Post-Intervention | ||||||||||
| Parental Distress | 29.0 | 29.1±7.7 | 24.0–34.0 | 28.5 | 28.4±6.6 | 25.0–32.0 | 29.5 | 29.5±8.4 | 24.0–35.0 | 0.530 |
| Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction | 22.5 | 22.2±7.1 | 16.0–27.0 | 20.5 | 21.4±7.0 | 15.0–26.0 | 23.0 | 22.9±7.3 | 16.0–28.0 | 0.344d |
| Difficult Child | 26.5 | 27.4±7.3 | 22.0–33.0 | 25.0 | 26.2±6.0 | 21.0–30.0 | 28.0 | 28.2±8.1 | 23.0–34.0 | 0.199 |
| Total Stress (PSI) | 77.0 | 78.6±19.2 | 64.0–91.5 | 75.0 | 76.0±15.4 | 64.0–87.0 | 78.5 | 80.6±21.6 | 65.0–98.0 | 0.292 |
| Pre/post –Differencea | ||||||||||
| Parental Distress | −1.0 | −1.4±5.6 | −5.0–2.0 | −1.0 | −1.6±5.7 | −4.0–3.0 | −1.0 | −1.3±5.6 | −5.0–2.0 | 0.798 |
| Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction | 0.0 | −1.2±5.6 | −5.5–2.0 | −1.0 | −1.9±6.2 | −6.0–2.0 | 0.0 | −0.8±5.2 | −4.0–2.0 | 0.415 |
| Difficult Child | −1.5 | −1.4±5.7 | −5.0–3.0 | −2.0 | −1.3±6.1 | −5.0–2.0 | −1.0 | −1.5±5.5 | −4.0–3.0 | 0.859 |
| Total Stress (PSI) | −2.0 | −4.0±13.5 | −12.5–4.5 | −1.5 | −4.7±15.2 | −16.0–4.0 | −2.5 | −3.5±12.3 | −10.0–5.0 | 0.715 |
| All (N=33) | Parenting Intervention (N=11) | Health Intervention (N=22) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | Mean±SD | IQRe | Median | Mean±SD | IQRe | Median | Mean±SD | IQRe | p Value | |
| Highly Stressed Populationb | ||||||||||
| Pre-Intervention | ||||||||||
| Parental Distress | 37.0 | 36.8±5.8 | 32.0–40.0 | 39.0 | 38.7±5.8 | 36.0–42.0 | 36.0 | 35.9±5.6 | 31.0–39.0 | 0.201 |
| Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction | 28.0 | 28.3±6.5 | 25.0–32.0 | 31.0 | 29.7±7.3 | 25.0–36.0 | 27.0 | 27.6±6.0 | 25.0–31.0 | 0.426 |
| Difficult Child | 36.0 | 35.2±6.4 | 32.0–38.0 | 36.0 | 35.0±6.9 | 30.0–40.0 | 35.5 | 35.2±6.3 | 32.0–37.0 | 0.928 |
| Total Stress (PSI) | 97.0 | 100.3±12.5 | 90.0–106.0 | 102.0 | 103.5±11.8 | 95.0–108.0 | 95.0 | 98.8±12.8 | 89.0–104.0 | 0.181d |
| Post-Intervention | ||||||||||
| Parental Distress | 34.0 | 33.7±6.3 | 29.0–39.0 | 32.0 | 32.7±5.3 | 28.0–37.0 | 34.5 | 34.2±6.9 | 30.0–40.0 | 0.496 |
| Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction | 25.0 | 25.9±7.3 | 21.0–32.0 | 25.0 | 25.3±7.8 | 18.0–34.0 | 26.0 | 26.3±7.3 | 23.0–32.0 | 0.122 |
| Difficult Child | 33.0 | 32.1±7.1 | 29.0–37.0 | 30.0 | 29.2±7.4 | 20.0–37.0 | 33.5 | 33.6±6.4 | 29.0–37.0 | 0.728 |
| Total Stress (PSI) | 91.0 | 91.8±17.1 | 80.0–106.0 | 87.0 | 87.2±16.6 | 80.0–99.0 | 95.0 | 94.1±17.3 | 80.0–110.0 | 0.279 |
| Difference | ||||||||||
| Parental Distress | −2.0 | −3.1±5.5 | −6.0–0.0 | −5.0 | −6.0±5.3 | −11.0–0.0 | −1.5 | −1.7±5.1 | −5.0–0.0 | 0.039e |
| Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction | −1.0 | −2.4±6.1 | −7.0–2.0 | −6.0 | −4.5±7.1 | −10.0–1.0 | −0.5 | −1.4±5.4 | −6.0–2.0 | 0.222 |
| Difficult Child | −2.0 | −3.0±6.0 | −7.0–1.0 | −5.0 | −5.8±5.1 | −10.0–2.0 | −1.0 | −1.6±6.1 | −7.0–4.0 | 0.048e |
| Total Stress (PSI) | −5.0 | −8.5±13.8 | −19.0–2.0 | −19.0 | −16.3±14.6 | −24.0–1.0 | −3.0 | −4.7±12.0 | −10.0–3.0 | 0.036e |
| All (N=24) | Parenting Intervention (N=10) | Health Intervention (N=14) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | Mean±SD | IQRe | Median | Mean±SD | IQRe | Median | Mean±SD | IQRe | p Value | |
| Clinically Stressed Populationc | ||||||||||
| Pre-Intervention | ||||||||||
| Parental Distress | 37.5 | 38.0±5.8 | 36.0–41.5 | 38.0 | 38.7±6.1 | 36.0–42.0 | 37.5 | 37.5±5.8 | 36.0–40.0 | 0.614 |
| Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction | 31.0 | 30.0±6.5 | 26.0–34.0 | 31.5 | 30.2±7.6 | 25.0–36.0 | 30.5 | 29.8±6.0 | 26.0–32.0 | 0.887 |
| Difficult Child | 36.5 | 37.1±5.9 | 34.0–39.5 | 37.0 | 36.1±6.2 | 32.0–40.0 | 36.5 | 37.8±5.9 | 35.0–38.0 | 0.511 |
| Total Stress (PSI) | 102.5 | 105.0±11.5 | 96.0–108.5 | 103.5 | 105.0±11.2 | 96.0–108.0 | 102.5 | 105.0±12.2 | 96.0–109.0 | 0.907d |
| Post-Intervention | ||||||||||
| Parental Distress | 35.5 | 34.9±6.4 | 30.5–39.5 | 33.0 | 33.2±5.3 | 29.0–37.0 | 37.0 | 36.1±6.9 | 31.0–41.0 | 0.265 |
| Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction | 29.0 | 27.8±7.5 | 23.0–33.5 | 25.5 | 26.3±7.5 | 21.0–34.0 | 30.5 | 28.8±7.6 | 23.0–33.0 | 0.435 |
| Difficult Child | 34.0 | 33.5±7.3 | 29.0–38.0 | 31.5 | 30.2±7.3 | 25.0–37.0 | 36.5 | 35.9±6.6 | 33.0–41.0 | 0.068 |
| Total Stress (PSI) | 98.5 | 96.1±17.5 | 86.5–111.5 | 87.0 | 89.7±15.1 | 80.0–99.0 | 104.0 | 100.7±18.2 | 96.0–116.0 | 0.049d,e |
| Difference | ||||||||||
| Parental Distress | −3.5 | −3.1±6.0 | −7.0–0.0 | −4.5 | −5.5±5.3 | −9.0–0.0 | −2.5 | −1.4±6.0 | −5.0–2.0 | 0.089 |
| Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction | −1.0 | −2.2±6.7 | −7.5–2.0 | −5.0 | −3.9±7.2 | −8.0–1.0 | 0.5 | −1.0±6.2 | −7.0–2.0 | 0.319 |
| Difficult Child | −2.5 | −3.6±6.4 | −9.5–0.5 | −5.5 | −5.9±5.3 | −10.0–2.0 | −1.0 | −1.9±6.7 | −7.0–5.0 | 0.122 |
| Total Stress (PSI) | −4.0 | −8.9±15.5 | −20.0–3.0 | −17.5 | −15.3±15.0 | −22.0–1.0 | 2.0 | −4.3±14.6 | −16.0–6.0 | 0.088 |
a
Difference scores are calculated by taking each pre-score and subtracting it from its corresponding post-score; bIndividuals who had a pre-intervention PSI score of>85th percentile, indicating a high level of parental stress. Frequencies for the Highly Stressed population were calculated among the total population for each intervention (Parenting Intervention, N=11; Health Intervention, N=22); cIndividuals who had a pre-intervention PSI score of ≥90th percentile, indicating a clinically relevant level of parental stress. Frequencies for the Clinically Stressed population were calculated among the total population for each intervention (Parenting Intervention, N=10; Health Intervention, N=14); dWilcoxon nonparametric test was used to obtain p-value, comparing Parenting Intervention participants to Health Intervention participants. All other p-values were obtained using t-test; eIQR: Interquartile Range; fSignificant at α=0.05 level of significance.