| Estrogen derivatives |
17β-Estradiol |
Antioxidant, neuroprotective |
Chakrabarti et al., 2014; Mosquera et al., 2014
|
| 17α-Estradiol |
Inhibits GABA receptor-induced cell loss |
McClean and Nuñez, 2008; Rakkestad et al., 2014
|
| Estriol |
Reduces the disease symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) |
Sicotte et al., 2002; Ziehn et al., 2012
|
| Equilin |
Used in hormone replacement therapy |
Sawicki et al., 1999; Okamoto et al., 2010
|
| Triphenylethylene derivatives |
Tamoxifen |
Neuroprotection to Aβ-induced toxicity |
O'Neill et al. 2004; Herrera et al., 2011
|
| 4-Hydroxy tamoxifen |
Neuroprotection to Aβ-induced toxicity |
O'Neill et al., 2004; Arevalo et al., 2011 |
| Droloxifene |
Inhibits estrogen mediated neuroprotection |
Christian, 2001; Zhao et al., 2005
|
| Ospemifene |
Induces production and release of pro-inflammatory molecules by glial cells |
Cerciat et al., 2010; Arevalo et al., 2011 |
| Phytoestrogens |
Coumestrol |
Protects hippocampal neurons in cerebral ischemia |
Castro et al., 2012; Castro et al., 2014
|
| Daidzein |
Decreases cell death and improves synaptic function in oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) |
Schreihofer and Redmond, 2009; Hurtado et al., 2012
|
| Equol |
Vasorelaxant, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective in transient focal cerebral ischemia |
Jackman et al., 2007; Ma et al., 2010. |
| Formononetin |
Protects neurons from NMDA-induced excitotoxic injury and neurodegenerative disorders in central nervous system |
Occhiuto et al., 2008; Occhiuto et al., 2009; Tian et al., 2013
|
| Genistein |
Reduces oxidative stress, hippocampal neuron death, and cognitive defects in neurodegenerative disorders |
Azcoitia et al., 2006; Malinowska et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2013
|
| Benzothiophene derivatives |
Arzoxifene |
GPR30-dependent and ER-independent neuroprotection |
Littleton-Kearney et al., 2002; Abdelhamid et al., 2011
|
| Bazedoxifene |
Anti-inflammatory effects in astrocytes, inhibition of IL-6, IFN-ɣ, and NF-κB p65 transactivation |
Cerciat et al., 2010; Arevalo et al., 2011 |
| Raloxifene |
Poor bioavailability, ERα dependent but ERβ and GPR30 independent hypoxia induced neuroprotection |
Kushwaha et al., 2013; Rzemieniec et al., 2014
|
