Table 1. Mean phenotypic values (SE) of all life-history traits for Sitobion avenae populations from both sides of Qinling Mountains (i.e., northern and southern regions).
| Traits | Northern regions | Southern regions | Difference between regions | Difference among populations nested in regions | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | P | F | P | |||
| DT1 | 1.66 (0.02) | 1.75 (0.04) | F 1,215 = 5.26 | 0.023 | F 4,215 = 7.48 | < 0.001 |
| DT2 | 1.51 (0.02) | 1.65 (0.03) | F 1,215 = 30.09 | < 0.001 | F 4,215 = 5.26 | < 0.001 |
| DT3 | 1.54 (0.02) | 1.69 (0.03) | F 1,213 = 25.60 | < 0.001 | F 4,213 = 8.30 | < 0.001 |
| DT4 | 2.02 (0.02) | 2.00 (0.03) | F 1,212 = 0.20 | 0.658 | F 4,212 = 1.66 | 0.161 |
| DT5 | 6.73 (0.03) | 7.09 (0.06) | F 1,212 = 53.77 | < 0.001 | F 4,212 = 9.96 | < 0.001 |
| Lifetime fecundity | 56.54 (0.87) | 72.11 (1.57) | F 1,199 = 216.05 | < 0.001 | F 4,199 = 131.23 | < 0.001 |
| Post-reproductive time | 8.11 (0.30) | 15.20 (0.74) | F 1,199 = 259.10 | < 0.001 | F 4,199 = 66.77 | < 0.001 |
| Adult lifespan | 28.67 (0.47) | 37.75 (0.58) | F 1,199 = 353.29 | < 0.001 | F 4,215 = 268.05 | < 0.001 |
| Reproductive time | 20.56 (0.30) | 22.55 (0.67) | F 1,199 = 20.86 | < 0.001 | F 4,199 = 111.25 | < 0.001 |
Note: DT1-DT4, the developmental time of 1st to 4th instar nymphs; DT5, the total developmental time of nymphs; all traits but lifetime fecundity measured in days; lifetime fecundity, the number of offspring produced in a female’s life.