Primary |
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Receptive and expressive language |
Preschool Language Scale, Fourth Edition12
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Expressive score: Expressive Communication subscale; Receptive score: Auditory Comprehension subscale; both yield a standard score of 100 (SD 15) |
Caregiver use of strategies |
Observational coding of a 20-min play-based caregiver-child interaction |
Matched turns: percentage of adult utterances in response to a child’s utterance; Responsiveness: percentage of child utterances to which the adult responded; Targets: percentage of adult utterances that contained the child’s language target; Expansions: percentage of child utterances to which the adult imitates and adds a word; Time Delays: percentage of nonverbal prompting sequences that were used correctly; Prompting: percentage of verbal prompting sequences that were used correctly |
Secondary |
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Caregiver stress |
Parenting Stress Index, Fourth Edition15
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Total Stress score |
Receptive vocabulary |
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Fourth Edition16
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Standard score with a normative mean of 100 (SD 15) |
Expressive vocabulary |
MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories: Words and Sentences14
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Total number of 680 words the caregiver reports that the child says |
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Number of Different Word Roots |
Total number of different word roots the child says in a 20-min play interaction with a research assistant |
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Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, Third Edition13
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Standard score with a normative mean of 100 (SD 15) |
Presence of language delay |
Preschool Language Scale, Fourth Edition12
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Total standard score <85 |