Table 2.

Limit of detection/quantification of Emergent toxins (CTX, PTX, CI and TTX) by using different methods. (LOD—Limit of Detection, LOQ—Limit of Quantification, LD50—Lethal Dose 50%, SM—Shellfish Meat, mL—Milli liter, kg—Kilogram, µg—Microgram, ng—Nanogram, pg—Picogram, fg—Femtogram).

Assay	CTX	PTX	CI	TTX	Refs
MBA	LODP-CTX-1 = 0.2 μg/kg SM LODC-CTX-1 = 3.0 μg/kg	LD50 = 150–720 ng/µL	LOD13–desMeC = 5.6 μg/kg SM LODGYM A = 77 μg/kg SM. i.p. LD50PnTx E, F and G = 12.7–57 μg/kg SM	LODTTX = 0.2 µg	[114,129,142,143,144,155,156,157,158]
Citotoxicity assay
Haemolysis assays	LOD = 50 µg/mL	LOD = 1.6 ng/kg SM 0.005 pg/µL–1 pg/mL	-	LOD = 5.0 µg/mL	[73,74,146,159,160]
Fluorimetric method	LOQC-CTX-1 = 0.039 ng/g	-	-	-	-
Receptor-binding assays	LOQP-CTX-3Ceq = 15.5 fg/cul for algal samples 0.155 ng/g in fish samples	-	-	-	[161]
RBA with Neuroblastoma	LOQC-CTX-1 = 0.039 ng/g	-	-	-	[162]
Fluorescence polarization
Microsphere flow cytometry	-	-	LOQGYMA = 50–80 μg/kg LOQ13–desMeC = 50–85 μg/kg SM LOQ13,19–didesMeC = 40 μg/kg SM LOD13–desMeC = 10 μg/kg SM	-	[163,164,165,166,167,168]
Chemiluminescence method	-	-	LODSpirolides = 50 μg/kg SM	-	-
Assays with MCF-7 cells	-	LOD = 0.5 ng/mL	-	-	[169]
Assays with neuroblastoma cells	-	LOD = 5 ng/mL	-	LOD = 3.2–160 ng/mL	[145,170,171]
Immunoassays
Immunobead assay (MIA)	LODP-CTX-1 = 32 ng/kg fish flesh	-	-	-	[147,172,173]
CIEIA	-	-	-	LOD = 10 ng/mL	[149]
ELISA	LOD = 0.28 ng/mL	LOD = 0.5 pg/mL	-	LOD = 5–50 ng/mL	[148,150,160,174,175]
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)	-	-	-	100 µg/kg	[176]
Chemical methods
HPLC-FLD/LC-FLD	LOD = 0.5–1.0 ng	LOD = 0.75 ng	-	LOD = 0.07 pmol–0.4 pmol	[73,177,178,179,180,181,182]
HPLC/MS	LODP-CTX-1 = 4 ng/g	-	-	LOD = 2 ng/mL	[183,184]
HPLC-UV/LC-UV	-	LOD = 0.1–2 μg	LODGYM = 5 ng/mL	LOD = 10 ng/mL	[185,186]