Figure 4.

Ghrelin inhibits leptin-induced increase in inflammatory cytokines. (A) The localization of the leptin receptor (Ob-R) on the surface of human T cells. (B–D) Anti-CD3 mAb-activated T cells from human adult donors (n = 6) were incubated with various concentration of leptin or coincubated with various doses of ghrelin with a biologically optimal concentration of leptin (100 nM). Cytokine production and mRNA expression was evaluated after 24 hours of culture. The cytokines examined were (B) IL-1β, (C) IL-6, and (D) TNF-α. (E) Fold change in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA expression after normalization with GAPDH and measured by real-time RT-PCR. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (*P < 0.05).