Table 3.
Parent behavior | Severe TBI
|
Moderate TBI
|
Complicated mild TBI
|
OI
|
F (3, 183) | Partial η2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
Parent play | ||||||||||
Warm responsivenessa | 3.09 | 0.90 | 2.72 | 0.97 | 2.78 | 0.97 | 3.29 | 0.87 | 2.92* | .05 |
Negativity | 4.82 | 0.48 | 4.90 | 0.26 | 4.78 | 0.30 | 4.75 | 0.50 | 2.03 | — |
Scaffolds | 10.37 | 6.70 | 8.10 | 6.08 | 9.26 | 7.97 | 9.29 | 6.46 | 0.44 | — |
Directives | 13.84 | 8.50 | 10.05 | 7.56 | 8.26 | 7.75 | 8.88 | 7.89 | 2.11 | — |
Restrictions | 3.53 | 2.81 | 3.57 | 3.20 | 2.64 | 3.91 | 2.60 | 2.81 | 0.89 | — |
Parent teaching task | ||||||||||
Warm responsivenessa,b | 2.97 | 0.81 | 2.43 | 0.80 | 2.78 | 0.95 | 3.44 | 0.88 | 8.34*** | .12 |
Negativity | 4.75 | 0.57 | 4.68 | 0.43 | 4.58 | 0.67 | 4.66 | 0.61 | 0.64 | — |
Scaffoldsc | 17.15 | 10.00 | 9.81 | 8.84 | 14.68 | 10.35 | 13.63 | 7.50 | 2.78* | .04 |
Directivesa,c | 22.70 | 15.86 | 16.67 | 13.02 | 21.55 | 17.11 | 15.12 | 13.52 | 2.67* | .04 |
Restrictions | 6.10 | 6.07 | 4.95 | 3.60 | 7.11 | 11.50 | 3.83 | 5.93 | 2.45 | — |
Note. Parental race and census tract income served as covariates in each of the analyses. Parent play indicates that these ratings were from the free play segment. Parent teaching task indicates that these ratings were from the teaching task segment. Warm responsive and negativity ratings were on a 5-point scale (range 1–5), with higher scores corresponding to more positive behavior (e.g., greater responsiveness, less negativity). Scaffolds, directives, and restrictions were counts of the frequency of those behaviors summed across the two 5-min play and teaching task segments. Dashes indicate that effect sizes were not reported for nonsignificant group comparisons. TBI = traumatic brain injury; OI = orthopedic injuries.
Complicated mild TBI > OI; p < .05.
Moderate TBI > OI; p < .05.
Severe TBI > OI; p < .05.
p < .05.
p < .001.