Table 3.
Associations Between Urinary Catechin Concentrations and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, by Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Serological Status, Shanghai Cohort Study, 1986–2001
| Catechin Category |
Range, µmol/g Cr |
All Participants |
HBsAg-Negative Participants |
HBsAg-Positive Participants |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Cases (n = 211) | No. of Controls (n = 1,067) | ORa | 95% CI | No. of Cases (n = 81) | No. of Controls (n = 964) | ORb | 95% CI | No. of Cases (n = 130) | No. of Controls (n = 103) | ORb | 95% CI | ||
| Epicatechin | |||||||||||||
| Undetectable | 0 | 71 | 324 | 1.00 | Referent | 25 | 297 | 1.00 | Referent | 46 | 27 | 1.00 | Referent |
| First tertile | >0–1.95 | 42 | 248 | 0.66 | 0.38, 1.14 | 16 | 217 | 0.81 | 0.41, 1.59 | 26 | 31 | 0.45 | 0.21, 0.96 |
| Second tertile | 1.96–5.02 | 45 | 248 | 0.82 | 0.47, 1.43 | 17 | 223 | 0.91 | 0.47, 1.75 | 28 | 25 | 0.56 | 0.26, 1.21 |
| Third tertile | >5.02 | 53 | 247 | 0.98 | 0.57, 1.68 | 23 | 227 | 1.07 | 0.58, 1.98 | 30 | 20 | 0.82 | 0.35, 1.89 |
| P for trend | 0.97 | 0.80 | 0.47 | ||||||||||
| Detectable | >0 | 140 | 743 | 0.81 | 0.52, 1.24 | 56 | 667 | 0.93 | 0.56, 1.55 | 84 | 76 | 0.57 | 0.31, 1.05 |
| Epigallocatechin | |||||||||||||
| Undetectable | 0 | 42 | 237 | 1.00 | Referent | 18 | 206 | 1.00 | Referent | 24 | 31 | 1.00 | Referent |
| First tertile | >0–5.00 | 51 | 277 | 1.11 | 0.61, 2.01 | 19 | 246 | 0.82 | 0.41, 1.64 | 32 | 31 | 1.44 | 0.65, 3.17 |
| Second tertile | 5.01–17.14 | 63 | 276 | 1.24 | 0.69, 2.20 | 26 | 254 | 1.15 | 0.60, 2.18 | 37 | 22 | 2.17 | 0.96, 4.90 |
| Third tertile | >17.14 | 55 | 277 | 1.11 | 0.61, 2.00 | 18 | 258 | 0.76 | 0.38, 1.52 | 37 | 19 | 2.44 | 1.04, 5.71 |
| P for trend | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.02 | ||||||||||
| Detectable | >0 | 169 | 830 | 1.15 | 0.70, 1.89 | 63 | 758 | 0.91 | 0.52, 1.59 | 106 | 72 | 1.92 | 0.98, 3.74 |
| 4′-O-Methyl- epigallocatechin | |||||||||||||
| Undetectable | 0 | 35 | 182 | 1.00 | Referent | 15 | 163 | 1.00 | Referent | 20 | 19 | 1.00 | Referent |
| First tertile | >0–16.43 | 47 | 295 | 0.84 | 0.45, 1.57 | 20 | 266 | 1.01 | 0.49, 2.08 | 27 | 29 | 0.80 | 0.32, 1.95 |
| Second tertile | 16.44–48.01 | 61 | 296 | 0.94 | 0.51, 1.70 | 21 | 267 | 0.94 | 0.46, 1.94 | 40 | 29 | 1.75 | 0.75, 4.10 |
| Third tertile | >48.01 | 68 | 294 | 1.15 | 0.63, 2.09 | 25 | 268 | 1.13 | 0.56, 2.27 | 43 | 26 | 1.80 | 0.74, 4.41 |
| P for trend | 0.49 | 0.76 | 0.06 | ||||||||||
| Detectable | >0 | 176 | 885 | 0.97 | 0.57, 1.64 | 66 | 801 | 1.03 | 0.56, 1.89 | 110 | 84 | 1.39 | 0.66, 2.92 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; Cr, creatinine; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; OR, odds ratio.
a Conditional logistic regression models included the following covariates: HBsAg status, self-reported history of physician-diagnosed liver cirrhosis, smoking (nonsmoker, <20 cigarettes/day, or ≥20 cigarettes/day), and alcohol intake (nondrinker, <4 drinks/day, or ≥4 drinks/day).
b Unconditional logistic regression models included all of the covariates listed in footnote “a” above, as well as matching factors (i.e., age, year of sample collection, and neighborhood of residence at enrollment).