Table 4.
Joint Effects of Urinary Catechin and Serum Retinol Concentrations on Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, by Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Serological Status, Shanghai Cohort Study, 1986–2001
| Retinol Level and Catechin Category | HBsAg-Negative Participants |
HBsAg-Positive Participants |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Cases (n = 81) | No. of Controls (n = 963) | ORa | 95% CI | No. of Cases (n = 130) | No. of Controls (n = 102) | ORa | 95% CI | |
| Retinol <45.8 µg/dL | ||||||||
| Epicatechin | ||||||||
| Undetectable | 19 | 150 | 1.00 | Referent | 42 | 17 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Detectable | 40 | 320 | 0.90 | 0.50, 1.64 | 74 | 48 | 0.55 | 0.27, 1.12 |
| Retinol ≥45.8 µg/dL | ||||||||
| Epicatechin | ||||||||
| Undetectable | 6 | 146 | 0.33 | 0.13, 0.87 | 4 | 10 | 0.17 | 0.04, 0.66 |
| Detectable | 16 | 347 | 0.36 | 0.18, 0.74 | 10 | 27 | 0.12 | 0.05, 0.34 |
| Retinol <45.8 µg/dL | ||||||||
| Epigallocatechin | ||||||||
| Undetectable | 14 | 108 | 1.00 | Referent | 21 | 24 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Detectable | 45 | 362 | 0.86 | 0.45, 1.66 | 95 | 41 | 2.62 | 1.25, 5.51 |
| Retinol ≥45.8 µg/dL | ||||||||
| Epigallocatechin | ||||||||
| Undetectable | 4 | 98 | 0.30 | 0.09, 0.95 | 3 | 7 | 0.48 | 0.10, 2.39 |
| Detectable | 18 | 395 | 0.35 | 0.17, 0.74 | 11 | 30 | 0.40 | 0.15, 1.09 |
| Retinol <45.8 µg/dL | ||||||||
| 4′-O-Methyl-epigallocatechin | ||||||||
| Undetectable | 10 | 77 | 1.00 | Referent | 19 | 13 | 1.00 | Referent |
| Detectable | 49 | 393 | 1.05 | 0.49, 2.23 | 97 | 52 | 1.39 | 0.59, 3.27 |
| Retinol ≥45.8 µg/dL | ||||||||
| 4′-O-Methyl-epigallocatechin | ||||||||
| Undetectable | 5 | 86 | 0.43 | 0.14, 1.36 | 1 | 6 | 0.10 | 0.01, 1.05 |
| Detectable | 17 | 407 | 0.38 | 0.17, 0.89 | 13 | 31 | 0.30 | 0.11, 0.85 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; OR, odds ratio.
a Unconditional logistic regression models included the following covariates: age, year of sample collection, neighborhood of residence at enrollment, self-reported history of physician-diagnosed liver cirrhosis, smoking (nonsmoker, <20 cigarettes/day, or ≥20 cigarettes/day), and alcohol intake (nondrinker, <4 drinks/day, or ≥4 drinks/day).