Table 1.
Characteristics of 48 included studies of undiagnosed diabetes risk prediction models
| Author | Year | Validation or development | Location of study (income) | Ethnicity | Time of data collection | Type of data/self-administered | Size of study population | Age range | Missing data status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reporting of missing data | Handling of missing data | ||||||||||||
| None | Percent | None | Deletion | Imputation | |||||||||
| Adhikari et al. [39] | 2010 | Validate | India (L/M) | / | Current | 551 | >20 | X | X | ||||
| Akyil et al. [40] | 2014 | Validate | Turkey (L/M) | / | Current | 702 | / | X | X | ||||
| Al Khalaf et al. [41] | 2010 | Develop | Kuwaiti (L/M) | Caucasian | Current | X | 562 | >20 | X | X | |||
| Al-Lawati et al. [16] | 2007 | Develop | Oman (H) | Caucasian | Existing | 4,881 | >20 | X | X | ||||
| Baan et al. [17,42] | 1999 | Develop | Netherlands (H) | / | Existing | X | 1,016 | 55–75 | X | X | |||
| Bang et al. [18] | 2009 | Develop | USA (H) | / | Existing | 5,258 | >20 | X | X | X | |||
| Bergmann et al. [43] | 2007 | Validate | Germany (H) | / | Current | 526 | 41–79 | X | X | ||||
| Bindraban et al. [5] | 2008 | Develop | Netherlands (H) | Asian, Black, Caucasian | Existing | 1,434 | 35–60 | X | X | ||||
| Chaturvedi et al. [19,44] | 2008 | Develop | India (L/M) | / | Existing | 4,044 | 35–64 | X | X | ||||
| de Leon et al. [45] | 2008 | Develop | Canary Islands (H) | Caucasian | Current | 6,237 | 18–75 | X | X | ||||
| de Sousa et al. [13] | 2009 | Develop | Brazil (L/M) | Multi-ethnic | Existing | X | 1,224 | >35 | X | X | |||
| Franciosi et al. [20] | 2005 | Validate | Italy (H) | / | Existing | X | 1,377 | 55–75 | X | X | |||
| Gao et al. [46] | 2010 | Validate | China (L/M) | Asian | Current | 1,986 | 20–74 | X | X | ||||
| Ginde et al. [6] | 2007 | Validate | USA (H) | Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic | Current | 604 | / | X | X | ||||
| Glumer et al. [21] | 2004 | Develop | Denmark (H) | / | Existing | 6,784 | 30–60 | X | X | ||||
| Glümer et al. [22] | 2005 | Validate | Australia/Denmark (H) | / | Existing | 7,079/6,270 | 30–60 | X | X | ||||
| Glumer et al. [23] | 2006 | Validate | Global | Multi-ethnic | Existing | 29,758 | / | X | X | ||||
| Gray et al. [24] | 2010 | Develop | UK (H) | Caucasian, Asian | Existing | 6,186 | 40–75 | X | X | ||||
| Gray et al. [25] | 2013 | Develop | Portugal (H) | / | Existing | 3,435 (18–94) | 18–94 | X | X | ||||
| Griffin et al. [11] | 2000 | Develop | UK (H) | Caucasian | Existing | 1,077 | 40–64 | X | X | ||||
| Hanif et al. [47] | 2008 | Develop | UK (H) | Asian | Current | 435 | 20–75 | X | X | ||||
| Heianza et al. [26] | 2013 | Develop | Japan (H) | Asian | Existing | 7,477 | 18–88 | X | X | ||||
| Heikes et al. [27] | 2008 | Develop | USA (H) | Representative of USA population | Existing | 7,029 | >20 | X | X | ||||
| Heldgaard & Griffin [48] | 2006 | Develop | Denmark (H) | / | Current | X | 1,355 | 20–69 | X | X | |||
| Keesukphan et al. [28] | 2007 | Develop | Thailand (L/M) | / | Existing | 429 | 18–81 | X | X | ||||
| Ko et al. [12] | 2010 | Develop | China (L/M) | Asian | Existing | 7,695 | X | X | |||||
| Ku & Kegels [49] | 2013 | Validate | Philippines (L/M) | / | Current | 1,789 | X | X | |||||
| Lee et al. [29] | 2012 | Develop | Korea (L/M) | / | Existing | 9,602 | >20 | X | X | ||||
| Li et al. [50] | 2009 | Develop | Germany (H) | / | Current | 921 | 14–93 | X | X | ||||
| Lin et al. [51] | 2009 | Validate | Taiwan (H) | Asian | Current | 2,759 | >18 | X | X | ||||
| Lindstrom et al. [14] | 2003 | Develop | Finland (H) | / | Existing | X | 4,435 | 35–64 | X | X | |||
| Liu et al. [15] | 2011 | Develop | China (L/M) | / | Existing | 1,851 | 40–90 | X | X | ||||
| Mohan et al. [30] | 2005 | Validate | India (L/M) | Asian | Existing | 2,350 | >35 | X | X | ||||
| Park et al. [31] | 2002 | Validate | UK (H) | Caucasian | Existing | X | 6,567 | 39–78 | X | X | |||
| Rahman et al. [32] | 2008 | Validate | UK (H) | / | Existing | 25,639 | 40–79 | X | X | ||||
| Ramachandran et al. [33] | 2005 | Develop | India (L/M) | Asian | Existing | 10,003 | >20 | X | X | ||||
| Rathmann et al. [34] | 2005 | Validate | Germany (H) | Caucasian | Existing | 1,353 | 55–74 | X | X | ||||
| Robinson et al. [7] Rolka et al. [8] | 2011 | Develop | Canada (H) | Caucasian, Aboriginal, Asian, Black, Hispanic | Current | 6,475 | 40–74 | X | X | X | |||
| Ruige et al. [35] Saaristo et al. [52] | 2001 | Validate | USA (H) | Hispanics, Caucasian, Black, Native American | Current | 1,471 | >20 | X | X | ||||
| Spijkerman et al. [9] | 1997 | Develop | Netherlands (H) | Caucasian | Existing | X | 2,364 | 50–74 | X | X | |||
| Ta et al. [53] | 2005 | Validate | Finland (H) | / | Current supplemented with existing | X | 2,966 | 45–74 | X | X | |||
| Tankove et al. [54] | 2004 | Validate | UK (H) | Black, Asian | Existing | 803 | 40–75 | X | X | ||||
| Winkler et al. [38] | 2010 | Validate | Vietnam (L/M) | / | Current | 721 | 30–70 | X | X | ||||
| Witte et al. [36] | 2011 | Validate | Bulgaria (L/M) | / | Current | 2,169 | X | X | |||||
| Zhang et al. [10] | 2012 | Validate | Hungary (L/M) | / | Current | 68,476 | >18 | X | X | ||||
| Zhou et al. [37] | 2010 | Validate | UK (H) | Caucasian | Existing | 6,990 | 35–55 | X | X | ||||
| Zhang et al. [10] | 2014 | Validate | USA (H) | Caucasian, Black | Existing | X | 20,633 | >20 | X | X | |||
| Zhou et al. [37] | 2013 | Develop | China (L/M) | / | Existing | 41,809 | 20–74 | X | X | ||||