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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Mar 31.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet. 2013 Jul 26;383(9911):69–82. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60591-7

Figure 3. Physiological contributions to the pathogenic processes that underlie type 1 diabetes.

Figure 3

A series of defects emanating from (A) the bone marrow and thymus, (B) immune system, and (C) β cells collectively lead to loss of insulin production by autoimmune mechanisms. These actions are continuous throughout the natural history of type 1 diabetes. 2,54–56 Teff=effector T cell. Treg=regulatory T cell APC=anaphase-promoting complex.