Table 1. Measurements of Urinary Free BPA, BPA Glucuronide, and Total BPA in Infants and Young Children.

Authors and publication ear	Country	Population age	N	Laboratory method	LOD	Free BPA*(μg/L)	BPA-glucuronide* (μg/L)	Total BPA* (μg/L)	Detection Frequency: (Free/Total)
Volkel et al. 201134	Germany (Munich)	1 – 5 months	47	LC/MS-MS	0.15 μg/L (LOQ = 0.45 μg/L)	All but 3 sample concentrations < LOQ	Not measured	Median < LOD	9%/66% (per LOD); 3%/42% (per LOQ)
Calafat et al. 200931	U.S. (Boston)	Premature, ≤ 44 weeks corrected gestational age	41	LC/MS-MS	0.4 μg/L	GM: 1.8, Median: 1.7	Not measured	GM: 30.3, Median: 28.6	92%/100%
Mendonca et al. 201235	U.S. (Boston)	2 – 15 months	29	LC/MS-MS	0.4 μg/L	Mean: 0.5, GM < LOD, Median < LOD	Not measured	Mean: 6.0, GM: 2.3, Median: 1.8	28%/93%
Nachman et al. 201336	U.S. (Baltimore)	1 – 6 weeks	12	LC/MS-MS	LOQ = 0.1 μg/L	< LOQ	Mean: 0.87, Median: 0.66	Not meas.	0%/100%

^*Mean, geometric mean (GM) and median if reported. LOD = limit of detection; LOQ = limit of quantification.