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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 15.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroimage. 2015 Jan 15;110:3–10. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.030

Table 1.

Mean scores (and SD) on the reading tests and a nonverbal intelligence test obtained by native English speakers with or without Chinese experience

With Chinese experience Without Chinese experience t p
Word identification 99.39 (4.13) 98.02 (4.16) 1.55 .125
Sight word efficiency 98.32 (6.93) 98.26 (6.85) 0.04 .966
Phonemic decoding efficiency 57.05 (5.41) 55.87 (5.24) 1.03 .304
Rapid object naming 41.20 (6.14) 40.75 (7.71) 0.31 .761
Rapid color naming 37.35 (5.76) 37.38 (5.80) 0.03 .977
Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices 26.64 (4.42) 25.58 (4.21) 1.16 .250

Note: The scores for rapid object and color naming are amounts of time (second) needed to complete the tests, and the scores for other tests are the number of correct items. Word identification is a subtest of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests - Revised (WRMT-R); sight word efficiency and phonemic decoding efficiency are subtests of the Test of Word Reading Efficiency (TOWRE); rapid object and color naming are subtests of the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP).