Figure 2.
AMPK activity is dependent on accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Raw 264.7 cells were pre-treated with Ub-ligase E1 inhibitor PYR41 (0 or 50 µM) or PYZD4409 (0 or 50 µM) for 30 minutes followed by incubation with MG132 (0 or 10 µM) for additional 60 minutes. (A). Representative Western blots show the amount of Ub-protein conjugates and β–actin or (B) the extent of AMPK phosphorylation. Mean ± SD, n = 3, *** P < 0.001.