ROS is associated with AMPK activation. (A).Raw 264.7 cells were incubated with fluorogenic probe mitoSOX (0 or 5 µM) for 60 minutes (left panel), or mitoSOX loaded cells were treated with MG132 (0, 10 µM) for 45 minutes and fluorescence determined using flow cytometry (right panel). (B and C).Raw 264.7 cells were pretreated with NAC (0 or 20 mM) for 30 minutes, TPMP or MitoTempo (0 or 1 µM) 1 for 15 minutes followed by inclusion of MG132 (0 or 10 µM) for an additional 60 minutes. Representative Western blots and quantitative data of pThr172-AMPK and pSer79-ACC are shown. Mean ± SEM, n = 3 – 8, * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01.