Table 2.
Baseline characteristics by Maternal BMI categories in Upstate KIDS.
| Pre-Pregnancy BMI Categories | Total 4901 |
Normal <25 kg/m2 2348 (47.9) |
Overweight ≥25 kg/m2 1252 (25.6) |
Obese ≥30 kg/m2 1301 (26.6) |
P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Characteristics | |||||
| Age | 30.5 ± 6.1 | 30.4 ± 6.1 | 30.9 ± 6.1 | 30.1 ± 5.9 | <0.01 |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.43 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 4082 (83.3) | 1984 (83.7) | 1028 (82.1) | 1090 (83.8) | |
| Not White or Other | 819 (16.7) | 384 (16.4) | 224 (17.9) | 211 (16.2) | |
| Highest Level of Education | |||||
| Less than high school | 293 (6.0) | 146 (6.2) | 67 (5.4) | 80 (6.2) | <0.01 |
| HS or GED equivalent | 632 (12.9) | 270 (11.5) | 144 (11.5) | 218 (16.7) | |
| Some college | 1497 (30.5) | 572 (24.4) | 395 (31.6) | 530 (40.7) | |
| College | 1080 (22.0) | 577 (24.6) | 276 (22.0) | 227 (17.5) | |
| Advanced degree | 1399 (28.6) | 783 (33.4) | 370 (29.6) | 246 (18.9) | |
| Private Insurance | 3761 (75.0) | 1803 (76.9) | 296 (76.3) | 913 (70.2) | <0.01 |
| Married | 4146 (88.4) | 2027 (90.0) | 1062 (88.1) | 1075 (85.7) | <0.01 |
| Smoking Status During Pregnancy | <0.01 | ||||
| Never smoked | 3046 (62.2) | 1517 (64.2) | 785 (62.7) | 744 (7.2) | |
| Smoked previously but not during pregnancy | 1162 (23.7) | 533 (22.7) | 298 (23.8) | 331 (5.5) | |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 692 (14.1) | 298 (12.7) | 169 (13.5) | 225 (17.3) | |
| Alcohol Consumed During Pregnancy | 598 (12.2) | 337 (14.4) | 143 (11.4) | 117 (9.0) | <0.01 |
| Indicated exact dates of achievement for all milestones | 1720 (35.0) | 854 (36.4) | 450 (35.9) | 416 (32.0) | 0.02 |
| Indicated achievement for all milestones | 2304 (47.0) | 1130 (48.1) | 610 (48.7) | 564 (43.4) | <0.01 |
| Infant Characteristics | |||||
| Twin Births | 1073 (21.9) | 493 (21.0) | 280 (22.4) | 300 (23.1) | 0.32 |
| Female Infant Gender | 2367 (48.3) | 1151 (49.0) | 608 (48.6) | 608 (46.7) | 0.41 |
| Birth Characteristics | |||||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 38.1 ± 2.5 | 38.1 ± 2.4 | 38.1 ± 2.5 | 38.0 ± 2.5 | 0.36 |
| Birth weight (grams) | 3187.3 ± 692.1 | 3123.7 ± 662.3 | 3216.7 ± 704.0 | 3239.9 ± 725.2 | <0.01 |
| Low Birth Weight (<2500 grams) | 738 (15.1) | 379 (16.1) | 185 (14.8) | 174 (13.4) | 0.08 |
| Macrosomia (>4000 grams) | 427 (8.7) | 156 (6.6) | 118 (9.4) | 153 (11.7) | <0.01 |
| Preterm birth | 869 (17.7) | 409 (17.4) | 217 (17.3) | 243 (18.9) | 0.58 |
| Small for gestational age* | 314 (8.2) | 165 (8.9) | 68 (7.0) | 81 (8.1) | 0.22 |
| Large for gestational age* | 435 (11.4) | 146 (7.9) | 119 (12.2) | 170 (17.0) | <0.01 |
| Birth weight z-score* | <0.01 | ||||
| (<−2) | 460 (12.0) | 242 (13.1) | 110 (11.3) | 108 (0.8) | |
| [−2,−1) | 63 (1.7) | 34 (1.8) | 15 (1.5) | 14 (1.4) | |
| [−1,1] | 2680 (70.0) | 1357 (73.2) | 668 (68.7) | 655 (5.4) | |
| (1–2] | 504 (13.2) | 194 (10.5) | 146 (15.0) | 164 (16.4) | |
| (>2) | 121 (3.2) | 28 (1.5) | 33 (3.4) | 60 (6.0) |
*
Restricted to singletons in the cohort
Mean ± SD for continuous variables and N (%) for categorical.
Note: missing information occurred in some covariates: 188 missing marital status information, 1 missing smoking status and alcohol use, and 4 missing insurance data.