Table 2.
Therapeutic agent | Endothelial function | Ref. |
Anti- inflammatory agents | Increase of NO bioavailability | [25,42,75,111] |
Reduction of ADMA | ||
Upregulation of eNOS activity | ||
Decrease of Inflammation | ||
Vitamins | Improvement of eNOS activity | [159,160,162] |
Increase of NO bioavailability | ||
Scavenging of ROS generation | ||
Antioxidant function | ||
Flavonoids | Increase of NO bioavailability | [15,166,168] |
Prevention of oxidative stress | ||
Improvement of antioxidant enzymes | ||
Nuclear receptors | Increase of NO bioavailability | [33,50,187] |
Improvement of DDAH | ||
Reduction of ADMA | ||
Amelioration of hepatic vascular tone | ||
Ammonia lowering agents | Detoxification of ammonia levels | [27,189,190,192,201] |
Increase of NO bioavailability | ||
Reduction of ADMA | ||
Upregulation DDAH expression | ||
Statins | Decrease of total cholesterol | [147,170,172,202,203] |
Improvement of Akt-dependent eNOS phosphorylation | ||
Promoting NO biosynthesis | ||
Reduction of Ox-LDL | ||
Attenuation of inflammatory indices | ||
Beta blockers | Amelioration of oxidative stress | [194,196] |
Attenuation of Inflammation | ||
Restoration of antioxidant enzymes | ||
Angiotensin- receptor antagonists | Increase of NO | [200,204] |
Decrease of Ang-II mediated inflammation | ||
Decrease of TIMP-1, MMP-2 mediated fibrosis |
NO: Nitric oxide; ADMA: Asymmetric dimethylarginine; eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; DDAH: Dimethyl arginine diaminohydrolase; Ox-LDL: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein; Ang II: Angiotensin II; TIMP-1: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1; MMP-2: Matrix metalloproteinase-2.