Table 3.

Studies utilizing electronic-nose instruments to detect aroma profiles containing volatile biomarker compounds as indicators of disease in the human breath, exhaled breath condensate, bronchi, or alveolar air.

Disease Detection/Discrimination 1	Organ	N2	Study Locations 3	E-Nose Type/No. Sensors 4	References
ARDS-MPM	Lung	78	St. Vincent and Price of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia	CP 32	[104]
Asthma	Lung	40	Leiden University MC, Leiden, the Netherlands	CP 32	[105]
		51	Instituto Dermopatico deli’ Immacolata, Rome, Italy	QMB 8	[106]
Asthma-COPD	Lung	90	Academic MC Amsterdam, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague; Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrech, the Netherlands	CP 32	[107]
		100	Academic MC Amsterdam, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague; Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrech, the Netherlands	CP 32	[108]
		44	University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia	CP 32	[109]
Cancer	Lung	62	C. Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy	QMB 8	[71]
		135	Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA	CP 32	[110]
		143	Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA	CM 36	[111]
		92	C. Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy	QMB 8	[112]
		229	Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA	CM 36	[113]
COPD	Lung	43	Phillipps University, Marburg, Germany	CP 32	[114]
COPD-Cancer	Lung	30	Leiden University MC, Leiden, the Netherlands	CP 32	[115]
Endocarditis (infective)	Heart	78	Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.	MOS 6	[116]
IPA	Lung	53	University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands	CP 32	[117]
MPM	Lung	39	University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy	CP 32	[118]
Pneumonia	Lung	400	Dept. of Anesthesia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA	BS	[119]
TB	Lung	46	Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, UK	CP 14	[120]
		134	Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, UK	CP 14	[121]
		279	University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines; De La Salle University Hospital, Cavite, Philippines; Homerton University Hospital, London, UK; Hinduja Hospital, Mumbai, India	SAW 1	[122]
URTI	Respiratory tract	NS	University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA	CP 32	[123]
VAP	Lung	25	University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA	CP 32	[124]
		38	University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA	CP 32	[119]
		44	University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA	CP 32	[125]

¹ Abbreviations: ARDS = Acute Respiratory Stress Syndrome; COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; IPA = Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis; MPM = Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma; TB = pulmonary Tuberculosis; URTI Upper Respiratory Tract Infections); VAP = Ventilator Associated Pneumonia; ² Sample size collected from individual patients; NS = not specified; ³ Hospital or university location where the study was conducted; ⁴ Electronic-nose instrument type and number of sensors utilized in the e-nose sensor array for detection of lung diseases through analysis of human-breath signature patterns. BS = biosensor (experimental technology); CM = calorimetric; CP = conducting polymer; MOS = metal oxide semiconductors; QMB = quartz microbalance; SAW = surface acoustic wave.