Table 4.
Visual Analysis of Single-Case Design Studies.
| Study | DV | Level | Trend | Variability | Immediacy of effect | Overlap |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beck, Burns, and Lau (2009) | On-task behavior | Higher in intervention than baseline | Neutral in 3/4 of phases; 1 descending trend in baseline | Low across phases | NA | NA |
| Burke, Hagan-Burke, and Sugai (2003) | Task engagement | Higher in intervention than baseline | Neutral in all phases | Greater for baseline | NA | NA |
| Kamps, Barbetta, Leonard, and Delquadri (1994)a | Social interaction | Higher in intervention than baseline | Mixed across phases | High across phases | Mixed | 14/40; 20/31; 1/15 |
| Reading comp | Higher in intervention than baseline | Mixed across phases | High across phases | Yes, between baseline and intervention | 21/35; 14/30; 16/16 | |
| Lane, Little, Redding-Rhodes, Phillips, and Welsh (2007) | Academic engaged time | Mixed across phases and participants | Neutral across phases | Mixed across phases | No | 6/7; 7/7; 7/7; 7/7; 5/6; 5/7; 6/7 |
| DIBELS NWF | Higher in intervention than baseline | Baseline: Neutral or descending intervention: Neutral or increasing | Low across phases | No | 6/7; 1/7; 1/7; 2/7; 6/6; 2/7; 0/7 | |
| DIBELS ORF | Mixed; Slightly higher for intervention | Neutral across all phases | Mixed across phases | No | 4/7; 0/7; 2/7; 4/7; 6/6; 2/7; 6/7 | |
| Lane et al. (2002)a | Total disruptive behavior | Lower in intervention than baseline | Baseline: Mixed across participants intervention: Neutral across participants | Higher during baseline than intervention | Mixed across participants | 2/9; 4/9 |
| DIBELS NWF | Higher in intervention than baseline | Increasing in all phases | Low across phases | No | 1/9; 0/9 | |
| Lingo, Slaton, and Jolivette (2006)a,b | ORF (grade level) | Slightly higher in intervention than baseline | Baseline: Neutral or descending intervention: Neutral or increasing | Low across phases | No | 0/7; 0/5; 0/3; 0/3; 3/7; 1/6; 0/7 |
| ORF (instructional level) | Higher in intervention than baseline | Baseline: Neutral or descending intervention: Neutral or increasing | Low across phases | Mixed | 10/21; 0/11; 0/6; 1/5; 16/19; 0/13; 0/13 | |
| Reading error (grade and instructional level) | Low levels | Neutral across all phases | Low across all phases | No | Unable to determine overlap | |
| Scott and Shearer-Lingo (2002)b | ORF from great leaps | Higher in intervention than baseline | Baseline: Neutral Intervention: Neutral or increasing | Low across all phases | NA (insufficient data points) | 0/15; 1/19; 0/5 |
| Wehby, Falk, Barton-Arwood, Lane, and Cooley (2003) | Time attending | Mixed across all phases | Baseline: Neutral intervention: Neutral | High across all phases | No | 16/16; 12/12; 15/15; 14/14; 8/11; 9/9; 10/10; 10/10 |
| Total Inappropriate Behavior | Mixed across all phases | Baseline: Neutral or increasing intervention: Neutral or increasing | High across all phases | No | 11/11; 16/16; 15/15; 15/15; 9/9; 11/11; 7/11; 10/10 | |
| Nonsense word fluency | Mixed across all phases | Baseline: Neutral or increasing intervention: Neutral or increasing | Mixed across all phases | Mixed across all phases | 9/9; 2/9; 8/9; 1/8; 3/6; 1/6; 5/6; 5/6 | |
| Blending sounds | Higher in intervention than baseline | Baseline: Neutral or increasing intervention: Neutral or increasing | Mixed across all phases | Mixed across all phases | 0/9; 3/9; 2/9; 1/8; 2/4; 3/4; 4/4; 4/4 | |
| Sound naming | Mixed & slightly higher in intervention than baseline | Baseline: Increasing intervention: Neutral or increasing | Low across all phases | Low | 3/9; 2/9; 3/8; 1/9; 3/6; 6/6; 2/6; 1/6 | |
| Sight words | Mixed across all phases | Mixed across all phases | Mixed across all phases | No | 8/9; 2/9; 6/9; 6/8; 6/6; 6/6; 5/6; 6/6 |
Note. DV = Dependent Variable; mixed results varied by student; NWF = nonsense word fluency; ORF = oral reading fluency.
a
Visual analysis not available for one or more dependent variables.
b
insufficient data points for visual analysis on one or more dependent variables.