Table 4.
Models of association between CMD and socio-economic, migration-related and health-related factors among spouse and non-spouse caregivers of left-behind families
| Characteristic | IMW spouse | IMW non-spouse caregiver | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any CMD | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | Any CMD | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |||
| N = 40 | N = 277 | N = 277 | N = 56 | N = 188 | N = 188 | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 17 (6.1) | Reference | Reference | 1 (0.5) | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 23 (8.3) | 1.0 (0.5-2.0) | 1.1 (0.6-2.2) | 55 (29.2) | 3.1 (0.4-25.6) | 3.0 (0.4- 25.2) |
| Age | ||||||
| 18-30 | 4 (1.4) | Reference | Reference | 2 (1.1) | Reference | Reference |
| 31-60 | 36 (13.0) | 2.2 (0.8-6.6) | 2.3 (0.8-6.9) | 32 (17.0) | 1.6 (0.3-7.9) | 1.6 (0.3-7.7) |
| 61-above | 0 (0.0) | - | - | 22 (11.7) | 3.0 (0.6-15.2) | 2.9 (0.6-14.8) |
| Education | ||||||
| No education | 0 (0.0) | - | - | 15 (8.0) | 3.5 (1.4-8.5) | 3.0 (1.2-7.5) |
| Primary | 28 (10.1) | 2.3 (1.1-5.0) | 2.7 (1.1-6.4) | 24 (12.8) | 1.8 (0.9-3.6) | 1.6 (0.8-3.4) |
| Secondary | 12 (4.3) | Reference | Reference | 17 (9.0) | Reference | Reference |
| Civil status | ||||||
| Married | 39 (14.1) | Reference | Reference | 34 (18.1) | Reference | Reference |
| Unmarried/widowed/divorced | 1 (0.4) | - | - | 22 (11.7) | 2.0 (1.0-3.9) | 1.7 (0.9-3.5) |
| Employment | ||||||
| Non-employed | 21 (7.6) | 1.2 (0.6-2.3) | 1.6 (0.6-4.2) | 45 (23.9) | 0.7 (0.3-1.4) | 0.8 (0.4-1.8) |
| Employed | 19 (6.8) | Reference | Reference | 11 (5.8) | Reference | Reference |
| Family debt | ||||||
| Little or no debts | 14 (5.0) | Reference | Reference | 31 (16.5) | Reference | Reference |
| Significant debts | 26 (9.4) | 2.6 (1.3-5.3) | 2.6 (1.3-5.2) | 24 (12.8) | 0.9 (0.5-1.7) | 0.9 (0.5-1.8) |
| IMW return frequency | ||||||
| Every year | 4 (1.4) | Reference | Reference | 3 (1.6) | Reference | Reference |
| Every 2-5 years | 10 (3.6) | 1.9 (0.6-6.4) | 2.1 (0.6-7.1) | 11 (5.8) | 0.8 (0.2-3.5) | 0.9 (0.2- 4.4) |
| Never returned/missing | 26 (9.4) | 2.7 (0.9-8.1) | 3.4 (1.1-11.1) | 24 (12.8) | 1.1 (0.2-4.4) | 1.2 (0.3-5.6) |
| In-bound remittance | ||||||
| Every month | 15 (5.4) | Reference | Reference | 15 (8.0) | Reference | Reference |
| Every 2-6 months/more | 19 (6.8) | 2.3 (1.1-4.7) | 2.7 (1.2-6.0) | 18 (9.6) | 1.3 (0.6-2.9) | 1.2 (0.5- 2.9) |
| General health | ||||||
| Excellent/good | 29 (10.5) | Reference | Reference | 30 (15.9) | Reference | Reference |
| Poor | 11 (4.0) | 9.6 (3.7-25.1) | 9.0 (3.4-23.8) | 26 (13.8) | 5.1 (2.5-10.5) | 4.6 (2.2-9.7) |
| Healthcare visits-3 months | ||||||
| No visits | 18 (6.5) | Reference | Reference | 10 (5.3) | Reference | Reference |
| One or two visits | 13 (4.7) | 1.4 (0.7-3.1) | 1.5 (0.7-3.2) | 16 (8.5) | 1.8 (0.8-4.4) | 1.6 (0.7- 4.0) |
| More than two visits | 9 (3.2) | 1.7 (0.7- 4.1) | 1.6 (0.6-3.8) | 30 (15.9) | 5.9 (2.5-13.8) | 5.1 (2.2-12.1) |
IMW- International Migrant Worker *Adjusted for age and gender.
Bold values are significant at p < 0.001.