Figure 1.

AID development and intervention. During AID onset, leukocytes start to invade pancreatic islets, a condition termed insulitis, followed by diabetes. Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin insufficiency/deficiency, and glucosuria. Polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria are found in diabetic patients. Diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, foot ulcers, and cardiovascular disease result in fatality of patients. Immunotherapy, replacement therapy, and combinations of both are common approaches to treat AID.